Computational Psychiatry Seminar: Spring 2014 Week 11: The
... medial OFC, ACC and posterior cingulate cortex encodes expectation of immediate rewards. Serotonin efflux increases in medial prefrontal cortex while rats perform a delay discounting task. -Learning and exploration. The optimal setting of the learning rate depends on how quickly the world is changin ...
... medial OFC, ACC and posterior cingulate cortex encodes expectation of immediate rewards. Serotonin efflux increases in medial prefrontal cortex while rats perform a delay discounting task. -Learning and exploration. The optimal setting of the learning rate depends on how quickly the world is changin ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... properties of a neuron. Nonetheless, even when only a single current is modulated by a neurotransmitter, there can be a non-straightforward relationship between modulation of that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maxim ...
... properties of a neuron. Nonetheless, even when only a single current is modulated by a neurotransmitter, there can be a non-straightforward relationship between modulation of that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maxim ...
Ch9. Motor System
... • Type 2 afferents contribute to synergies by delivering information to spinal cord neurons from tonic receptors in muscle spindles, certain joint receptors, and cutaneous and subcutaneous touch and pressure receptors • Interneurons excites by type 2 afferents project to motor neurons of muscles act ...
... • Type 2 afferents contribute to synergies by delivering information to spinal cord neurons from tonic receptors in muscle spindles, certain joint receptors, and cutaneous and subcutaneous touch and pressure receptors • Interneurons excites by type 2 afferents project to motor neurons of muscles act ...
Lack of response suppression follows repeated ventral tegmental
... firing rate. The increases in firing rate and the time to return to basal firing were not significantly different between exposures. Furthermore, the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A completely prevented the HU210-induced excitation whilst having no effect on its own, thus indicating a CB1-receptor ...
... firing rate. The increases in firing rate and the time to return to basal firing were not significantly different between exposures. Furthermore, the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A completely prevented the HU210-induced excitation whilst having no effect on its own, thus indicating a CB1-receptor ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Placement and Functional
... inhibitory synaptic inputs across individual dendrites and neurons are the hardware of local dendritic and cellular computations. In this chapter, we discuss the structural and functional observations that have guided the understanding of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic organization across the ne ...
... inhibitory synaptic inputs across individual dendrites and neurons are the hardware of local dendritic and cellular computations. In this chapter, we discuss the structural and functional observations that have guided the understanding of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic organization across the ne ...
PELCH02
... argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development. All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, ...
... argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development. All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, ...
nervous-system-12-1
... Types of Neurons and Neuron Structure There are three classes of neurons: • Sensory neurons: take messages to the CNS; have sensory receptors that detect changes in the environment • Interneurons: receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons in the CNS • Motor neurons: take messages awa ...
... Types of Neurons and Neuron Structure There are three classes of neurons: • Sensory neurons: take messages to the CNS; have sensory receptors that detect changes in the environment • Interneurons: receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons in the CNS • Motor neurons: take messages awa ...
Chapter 12: Nervous System
... Types of Neurons and Neuron Structure There are three classes of neurons: • Sensory neurons: take messages to the CNS; have sensory receptors that detect changes in the environment • Interneurons: receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons in the CNS • Motor neurons: take messages awa ...
... Types of Neurons and Neuron Structure There are three classes of neurons: • Sensory neurons: take messages to the CNS; have sensory receptors that detect changes in the environment • Interneurons: receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons in the CNS • Motor neurons: take messages awa ...
Hoxd1
... Figure 2. Peripheral signals control the formation of dorsal root ganglion sensory and motor neuron projections. (a,b) Subpopulations of brachial motor neurons extend their axons towards their target muscles. En route, they encounter glial-cell-line-derived ne... ...
... Figure 2. Peripheral signals control the formation of dorsal root ganglion sensory and motor neuron projections. (a,b) Subpopulations of brachial motor neurons extend their axons towards their target muscles. En route, they encounter glial-cell-line-derived ne... ...
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in the Brain: Sensors of
... that neurons with --cell-type KATP channels, which comprise Kir6.2 and SUR1, have the highest metabolic sensitivity and that these and not neurons with other types of KATP channels survive in weaver mice, suggesting that the --cell-type KATP channels might have the strongest neuroprotective effect. ...
... that neurons with --cell-type KATP channels, which comprise Kir6.2 and SUR1, have the highest metabolic sensitivity and that these and not neurons with other types of KATP channels survive in weaver mice, suggesting that the --cell-type KATP channels might have the strongest neuroprotective effect. ...
Chapter 2: The Biological Basis of Behavior
... A frog muscle is stimulated with an electric current but the muscle doesn't twitch. This probably happens because______. a. the graded potential is too great b. the synapses are underactive c. the threshold of excitation was not reached d. ionic balance has been restored ...
... A frog muscle is stimulated with an electric current but the muscle doesn't twitch. This probably happens because______. a. the graded potential is too great b. the synapses are underactive c. the threshold of excitation was not reached d. ionic balance has been restored ...
Temporal Dependent Plasticity: An Information Theoretic Approach
... The analysis so far has concentrated on the supervised learning case, where the identity of the presented pattern was used by the learning rule. Could these results be extended to the unsupervised case? A possible replacement for the teacher's learning signal is the postsynaptic spike: If spikes are ...
... The analysis so far has concentrated on the supervised learning case, where the identity of the presented pattern was used by the learning rule. Could these results be extended to the unsupervised case? A possible replacement for the teacher's learning signal is the postsynaptic spike: If spikes are ...
Self-Organizing Map Considering False Neighboring Neuron
... weight vector closest to the input vector, and its neighboring neuron are updated, regardless of the distance between the input vector and the neighboring neuron. For this reason, if we apply SOM to clustering of the input data which includes some clusters located at distant location, there are some ...
... weight vector closest to the input vector, and its neighboring neuron are updated, regardless of the distance between the input vector and the neighboring neuron. For this reason, if we apply SOM to clustering of the input data which includes some clusters located at distant location, there are some ...
Nonneurolnal cells engineered to express neuroligins
... scaffolding and signaling molecules, possibly via the PDZ-binding motif at the C-terminus. This scaffold may then signal the assembly of the exocytotic machinery and recruit additional neurexins and thereby neuroligins to form an expanding contact zone. Postsynaptic neuroligin-1 oligomers may contri ...
... scaffolding and signaling molecules, possibly via the PDZ-binding motif at the C-terminus. This scaffold may then signal the assembly of the exocytotic machinery and recruit additional neurexins and thereby neuroligins to form an expanding contact zone. Postsynaptic neuroligin-1 oligomers may contri ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • If nerve is inactive under normal conditions, can only increase activity • If nerve maintains background level of activity, can increase or decrease activity • Autonomic motor neurons • Maintain resting level of spontaneous activity • Background level of activation determines autonomic tone • Sign ...
... • If nerve is inactive under normal conditions, can only increase activity • If nerve maintains background level of activity, can increase or decrease activity • Autonomic motor neurons • Maintain resting level of spontaneous activity • Background level of activation determines autonomic tone • Sign ...
Synopsis: Overview Perception Retina Central projections LGN
... point (asterisk). In the retina, neighboring circuits of neurons receive similar information, allowing for center surround inhibition and other local computations to be performed. The olfactory bulb, due to the high number of different receptor types, cannot map its input onto a two-dimensional surf ...
... point (asterisk). In the retina, neighboring circuits of neurons receive similar information, allowing for center surround inhibition and other local computations to be performed. The olfactory bulb, due to the high number of different receptor types, cannot map its input onto a two-dimensional surf ...
Chapter 1
... • Issue of how the brain combines information from different areas into a unitary whole: how integrate all the incoming information • Brain must bind information from one area to another • Numerous studies suggest: synchronization of activity across brain areas binds various elements of perception i ...
... • Issue of how the brain combines information from different areas into a unitary whole: how integrate all the incoming information • Brain must bind information from one area to another • Numerous studies suggest: synchronization of activity across brain areas binds various elements of perception i ...
Neurotransmitter Parameter Definitions
... This combination provides additional information than either parameter alone because a large portion of DOPAC is formed from dopamine without ever being released to the synaptic cleft. This suggests that DOPAC may be more closely related to the presynaptic dopamine levels while dopamine and similarl ...
... This combination provides additional information than either parameter alone because a large portion of DOPAC is formed from dopamine without ever being released to the synaptic cleft. This suggests that DOPAC may be more closely related to the presynaptic dopamine levels while dopamine and similarl ...
Brain Stem Catecholamine Mechanisms in Tonic and
... stem nuclei of pons, paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic nuclei, amygdala, and forebrain.16"18 These areas contain a wide variety of peptide and monoamine transmitters.18 The transmitter of the primary afferent input is uncertain. Studies from this laboratory over the past several years have de ...
... stem nuclei of pons, paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic nuclei, amygdala, and forebrain.16"18 These areas contain a wide variety of peptide and monoamine transmitters.18 The transmitter of the primary afferent input is uncertain. Studies from this laboratory over the past several years have de ...
Ch 15 Chemical Senses
... – Yes/no procedure - participants are given trials with odors along with “blank” trials • They respond by saying yes or no – Forced-choice - two trials are given, one with odorant and one without • Participant indicates which smells strongest ch 15 ...
... – Yes/no procedure - participants are given trials with odors along with “blank” trials • They respond by saying yes or no – Forced-choice - two trials are given, one with odorant and one without • Participant indicates which smells strongest ch 15 ...
Manipulating and probing nerve cells by light
... The neural underpinnings of sleep involve interactions between sleeppromoting areas and arousal systems Hypocretin-producing neurons are important for arousal stability and loss of Hcrt function has been linked to narcolepsy ...
... The neural underpinnings of sleep involve interactions between sleeppromoting areas and arousal systems Hypocretin-producing neurons are important for arousal stability and loss of Hcrt function has been linked to narcolepsy ...
Richard G. Schuster, DO
... “How does the ‘mind’ (brain) influence the ‘body’ (internal organs)? We identified key areas in the primate cerebral cortex that are linked through multi-synaptic connections to the adrenal medulla. The most substantial influence originates from a broad network of motor areas that are involved in al ...
... “How does the ‘mind’ (brain) influence the ‘body’ (internal organs)? We identified key areas in the primate cerebral cortex that are linked through multi-synaptic connections to the adrenal medulla. The most substantial influence originates from a broad network of motor areas that are involved in al ...
Article - Dynamic Connectome Lab
... the local circuit dynamics and not by input from other areas. The slice edges provide natural spatial boundaries for what needs to be included in the simulation. Third, synaptic currents rather than intrinsic active membrane currents drive neuronal firing in persistent gamma, so the previously devel ...
... the local circuit dynamics and not by input from other areas. The slice edges provide natural spatial boundaries for what needs to be included in the simulation. Third, synaptic currents rather than intrinsic active membrane currents drive neuronal firing in persistent gamma, so the previously devel ...
Hypothalamus
... connections with primary motor cortex. It receives input from cerebellar nuclei. With VA nucleus (which receives input from basal ganglia) contributes to planning and control of movement. ...
... connections with primary motor cortex. It receives input from cerebellar nuclei. With VA nucleus (which receives input from basal ganglia) contributes to planning and control of movement. ...
The Premotor Cortex and Mirror Neurons
... view) from which a motor act is observed2 or by the distance at which the observed act is performed.3 Thus these neurons, beyond encoding the goal of the observed motor acts, can also contribute to recognize some details of it, probably through feedback connections between ventral premotor cortex an ...
... view) from which a motor act is observed2 or by the distance at which the observed act is performed.3 Thus these neurons, beyond encoding the goal of the observed motor acts, can also contribute to recognize some details of it, probably through feedback connections between ventral premotor cortex an ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.