Chapter 02 - Neurons and Glia
... that drive it. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 21.) Teaching Suggestion: Using Figure 2.18, explain anterograde transport and retrograde transport and describe the roles of kinesin and dynein. Discussion Point: Discuss the following case study in the classroom and explain how retrograde transport help wh ...
... that drive it. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 21.) Teaching Suggestion: Using Figure 2.18, explain anterograde transport and retrograde transport and describe the roles of kinesin and dynein. Discussion Point: Discuss the following case study in the classroom and explain how retrograde transport help wh ...
Nervous System
... Electrochemical gradients: the sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on a specific ion across the cell membrane ...
... Electrochemical gradients: the sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on a specific ion across the cell membrane ...
Internal structure of spinal cord
... especially. descending corticospinal fibers (their major target) – Tracts cells from Lamina IV, V, and VI are generally referred as nucleus proprius – Lamina 5 and 6 receives proprioceptive input AND sensory information relayed by lamina 4. These are the sites of origin of ascending projections to h ...
... especially. descending corticospinal fibers (their major target) – Tracts cells from Lamina IV, V, and VI are generally referred as nucleus proprius – Lamina 5 and 6 receives proprioceptive input AND sensory information relayed by lamina 4. These are the sites of origin of ascending projections to h ...
Final Exam Answers
... channels from inactivation occurs A. after an additional 1 to 3 msec, even when the cell membrane potential remains depolarized. *B. 1 to 3 msec after the cell membrane potential has been hyperpolarized back to near the resting membrane potential. C. 50 to 100 msec after the cell membrane potential ...
... channels from inactivation occurs A. after an additional 1 to 3 msec, even when the cell membrane potential remains depolarized. *B. 1 to 3 msec after the cell membrane potential has been hyperpolarized back to near the resting membrane potential. C. 50 to 100 msec after the cell membrane potential ...
How grid cells neurons encode rat position
... spatial activity patterns non-invasively. • High temporal and spatial resolution is desirable. • No single technology currently satisfies both of these requirements. • By combining data from different modalities, the shortcomings of individual techniques can be overcome. ...
... spatial activity patterns non-invasively. • High temporal and spatial resolution is desirable. • No single technology currently satisfies both of these requirements. • By combining data from different modalities, the shortcomings of individual techniques can be overcome. ...
PPT
... Learning algorithm, or training method: method for deter mining weights of the connections Activation function: function that produces an output b ased on the input values received by node ...
... Learning algorithm, or training method: method for deter mining weights of the connections Activation function: function that produces an output b ased on the input values received by node ...
Lecture notes Neural Computation
... They suck up the spilt over neuro-transmitters, and others provide myelin sheets around the axons of neurons. More important for us are the neurons. There are some 1011 neurons in a human brain. The basic anatomy of the neurons is shown in Fig. 1.4: Every neuron has a cell body, or soma, contains th ...
... They suck up the spilt over neuro-transmitters, and others provide myelin sheets around the axons of neurons. More important for us are the neurons. There are some 1011 neurons in a human brain. The basic anatomy of the neurons is shown in Fig. 1.4: Every neuron has a cell body, or soma, contains th ...
Interneurons and triadic circuitry of the thalamus
... nucleus or inferior collicular input to the medial geniculate nucleus) replaces the retinal input in this circuit. Less commonly, an F2 terminal is postsynaptic to a cholinergic terminal from the brainstem parabrachial region, and the same parabrachial axon (but not the same terminal) contacts the s ...
... nucleus or inferior collicular input to the medial geniculate nucleus) replaces the retinal input in this circuit. Less commonly, an F2 terminal is postsynaptic to a cholinergic terminal from the brainstem parabrachial region, and the same parabrachial axon (but not the same terminal) contacts the s ...
motor unit
... weak contraction called a “twitch” Greater tension can be produced by repeated stimulation of the muscle fiber before it relaxes. Two twitches from two action potentials add together or sum to produce greater tension. This twitch summation is similar to temporal summation of EPSPs at the postsynapti ...
... weak contraction called a “twitch” Greater tension can be produced by repeated stimulation of the muscle fiber before it relaxes. Two twitches from two action potentials add together or sum to produce greater tension. This twitch summation is similar to temporal summation of EPSPs at the postsynapti ...
molecular mechanisms of axonal regeneration in the central
... the lesion site. Inhibitors of growth-suppressing or cell death pathways also enhance neuron survival. Combination treatments may be required to produce clinically meaningful improvements in patients with severe CNS injury. (Adv Stud Med. 2004;4(4B):S335-S338) ...
... the lesion site. Inhibitors of growth-suppressing or cell death pathways also enhance neuron survival. Combination treatments may be required to produce clinically meaningful improvements in patients with severe CNS injury. (Adv Stud Med. 2004;4(4B):S335-S338) ...
Spinal Cord – Gross Anatomy
... All other spinal nerves exit just below their corresponding vertebrae (Fig 12.29) ...
... All other spinal nerves exit just below their corresponding vertebrae (Fig 12.29) ...
Distinct or Gradually Changing Spatial and Nonspatial
... out a continuous theta oscillation. Moreover, the nature of theta oscillation in the bat’s dorsal hippocampus was intermittent (Ulanovsky and Moss, 2007), much like the intermittent theta reported by Royer et al. (2010) in the rat ventral hippocampus. The existence of place cells without continuous ...
... out a continuous theta oscillation. Moreover, the nature of theta oscillation in the bat’s dorsal hippocampus was intermittent (Ulanovsky and Moss, 2007), much like the intermittent theta reported by Royer et al. (2010) in the rat ventral hippocampus. The existence of place cells without continuous ...
PDF file
... It is known that the motivational system is important to the autonomous learning of the brain. However, although there is a very rich literature about models of neuromodulatary systems, such models are limited in terms of computational functions due to a few well-known limitations in prior neural ne ...
... It is known that the motivational system is important to the autonomous learning of the brain. However, although there is a very rich literature about models of neuromodulatary systems, such models are limited in terms of computational functions due to a few well-known limitations in prior neural ne ...
Group Redundancy Measures Reveal Redundancy Reduction in the
... representing more and more complex aspects of sensory inputs. The changes in representations of stimuli along the sensory pathway reflect the information processing performed by the system. Several computational principles that govern these changes were suggested, such as information maximization an ...
... representing more and more complex aspects of sensory inputs. The changes in representations of stimuli along the sensory pathway reflect the information processing performed by the system. Several computational principles that govern these changes were suggested, such as information maximization an ...
On the nature of the BOLD fMRI contrast mechanism
... nucleus (LGN) and, from then on, to the primary visual cortex. In the primary visual cortex (V1), neurons were thought to analyze local spatial information within their small receptive fields (RF), basically ignoring processing carried out elsewhere. It is notable that in the past few years this con ...
... nucleus (LGN) and, from then on, to the primary visual cortex. In the primary visual cortex (V1), neurons were thought to analyze local spatial information within their small receptive fields (RF), basically ignoring processing carried out elsewhere. It is notable that in the past few years this con ...
11-Autism-ADHD-UW
... • ADHD involves functional disconnections between frontal and occipital cortex (A. Mazaheri, Biological Psychiatry, in print); psychologist talk about deficit in "top-down" attention control. • In many respects it is the opposite of ASD. ...
... • ADHD involves functional disconnections between frontal and occipital cortex (A. Mazaheri, Biological Psychiatry, in print); psychologist talk about deficit in "top-down" attention control. • In many respects it is the opposite of ASD. ...
Lecture 22 clustering
... • Biological motivations: Different regions of a brain (cerebral cortex) seem to tune into different tasks. Particular location of the neural response of the "map" often directly corresponds to specific modality and quality of sensory signal. • SOM is an unsupervised clustering algorithm which creat ...
... • Biological motivations: Different regions of a brain (cerebral cortex) seem to tune into different tasks. Particular location of the neural response of the "map" often directly corresponds to specific modality and quality of sensory signal. • SOM is an unsupervised clustering algorithm which creat ...
Auditory Nerve - Neurobiology of Hearing
... auditory nerve, and its target the cochlear nucleus. The orientation of the cut is illustrated by the pink line in the drawing of the cat head (left). We learned about the relationship between these structures by inserting a dye-filled micropipette into the auditory nerve and making small injections ...
... auditory nerve, and its target the cochlear nucleus. The orientation of the cut is illustrated by the pink line in the drawing of the cat head (left). We learned about the relationship between these structures by inserting a dye-filled micropipette into the auditory nerve and making small injections ...
Brain Plasticity and Behavior
... draw from our studies. First, experience alters the brain, and it does so in an age-related manner. Second, both pre- and postnatal experience have such effects, and these effects are long-lasting and can influence not only brain structure but also adult behavior. Third, seemingly similar experience ...
... draw from our studies. First, experience alters the brain, and it does so in an age-related manner. Second, both pre- and postnatal experience have such effects, and these effects are long-lasting and can influence not only brain structure but also adult behavior. Third, seemingly similar experience ...
Cortex
... stimulated digits, and larger receptive fields in the expanded areas. cortical physiological activity acquired during training is well correlated with the behavioural performance in a discrimination task. ...
... stimulated digits, and larger receptive fields in the expanded areas. cortical physiological activity acquired during training is well correlated with the behavioural performance in a discrimination task. ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... mirror neurons. Two implementations of associative learning were considered; RescorlaWagner - a supervised learning rule that relies on reducing a prediction error - and an implementation of Hebbian learning and . Their computational model simulates results of an experimental study (Cook et al., 201 ...
... mirror neurons. Two implementations of associative learning were considered; RescorlaWagner - a supervised learning rule that relies on reducing a prediction error - and an implementation of Hebbian learning and . Their computational model simulates results of an experimental study (Cook et al., 201 ...
chapter 43 The Nervous System
... ""equilibrium potential (table 43.1). By relating the work cby each type of force, we can derive a quantitative expressz for this equilibrium potential called the Nernst equation. :2._ assumes the action of a single ion, and for a positive ion -!;J;tt charge equal to + I, the Nernst equation for K+ ...
... ""equilibrium potential (table 43.1). By relating the work cby each type of force, we can derive a quantitative expressz for this equilibrium potential called the Nernst equation. :2._ assumes the action of a single ion, and for a positive ion -!;J;tt charge equal to + I, the Nernst equation for K+ ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... of Parkinson’s disease, which was then viewed as a single neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine) disease owing to a localized neuropathology (e.g., cell death in the substantia nigra). However, in recent years, these two general approaches have given way to neural circuitry-based models that reflect a fu ...
... of Parkinson’s disease, which was then viewed as a single neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine) disease owing to a localized neuropathology (e.g., cell death in the substantia nigra). However, in recent years, these two general approaches have given way to neural circuitry-based models that reflect a fu ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 46.1 Lateral viewof a human brain
... its response. In the right panel the monkey executes the instructed saccade. The neural response remains high until after the eye movement. FIGURE 46.7 A salience representation can be viewed as an intermediate representation that interacts with multiple behavioral systems (visual, motor, cognitive ...
... its response. In the right panel the monkey executes the instructed saccade. The neural response remains high until after the eye movement. FIGURE 46.7 A salience representation can be viewed as an intermediate representation that interacts with multiple behavioral systems (visual, motor, cognitive ...
Structural Classification of the Nervous System
... The entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes porelike openings to form, releasing the transmitter ...
... The entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes porelike openings to form, releasing the transmitter ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.