Structural Classification of the Nervous System
... The entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes porelike openings to form, releasing the transmitter ...
... The entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes porelike openings to form, releasing the transmitter ...
Sensory Physiology
... carries impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints Visceral afferent fibers – carries impulses from organs within ventral body cavities Special sense afferent fibers – eyes, ears, taste, smell ...
... carries impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints Visceral afferent fibers – carries impulses from organs within ventral body cavities Special sense afferent fibers – eyes, ears, taste, smell ...
Sensory Physiology
... carries impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints Visceral afferent fibers – carries impulses from organs within ventral body cavities Special sense afferent fibers – eyes, ears, taste, smell ...
... carries impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints Visceral afferent fibers – carries impulses from organs within ventral body cavities Special sense afferent fibers – eyes, ears, taste, smell ...
Thermal impact on spiking properties in Hodgkin–Huxley neuron
... found in ref. [12]. The spiking threshold here is characterized as the critical value of Gsyn , by which the membrane potential of the stimulated neuron exceeds a voltage threshold Vth (chosen as Vth = −20 mV here). 3. Thermal impact on spiking threshold Our investigation begins with the question ho ...
... found in ref. [12]. The spiking threshold here is characterized as the critical value of Gsyn , by which the membrane potential of the stimulated neuron exceeds a voltage threshold Vth (chosen as Vth = −20 mV here). 3. Thermal impact on spiking threshold Our investigation begins with the question ho ...
Group 2
... Moral Emotions Derive from self consciousness and evaluation Implicit processes Examples are guilt; compassion ...
... Moral Emotions Derive from self consciousness and evaluation Implicit processes Examples are guilt; compassion ...
Biology and Behavior
... fibers that branch out called axon terminals. 6. Axon terminals act like a button, and they release the message across the synapse (or synaptic gap) into the dendrites of another neuron. ***messages can only be sent in one direction ***new synapses can develop between neurons not previously connecte ...
... fibers that branch out called axon terminals. 6. Axon terminals act like a button, and they release the message across the synapse (or synaptic gap) into the dendrites of another neuron. ***messages can only be sent in one direction ***new synapses can develop between neurons not previously connecte ...
Nervous System PPT notes
... ▫ Work together to complete each of the Reflex tests (you may have to pair up within the group). ▫ Each group will need to turn in (for Lab Credit) 1 piece of paper (staple more if needed) with EVERYONE’S NAME on it with your groups’ DATA & ANSWERS (in complete sentences) to the FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS ...
... ▫ Work together to complete each of the Reflex tests (you may have to pair up within the group). ▫ Each group will need to turn in (for Lab Credit) 1 piece of paper (staple more if needed) with EVERYONE’S NAME on it with your groups’ DATA & ANSWERS (in complete sentences) to the FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS ...
Neural Anatomy and Function
... contraction • Protect muscle from excess contraction force • Stimulation of GTO an afferent impulse is sent to the central nervous system • In turn, efferent impulses are sent to the… – Agonist muscle causing it to relax – Antagonist muscle causing it to contract ...
... contraction • Protect muscle from excess contraction force • Stimulation of GTO an afferent impulse is sent to the central nervous system • In turn, efferent impulses are sent to the… – Agonist muscle causing it to relax – Antagonist muscle causing it to contract ...
![[j26]Chapter 9#](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009372212_1-45723eed01d76cad9811e1514890dc2a-300x300.png)
[j26]Chapter 9#
... autonomic nervous system are always motor (efferent) and are classified as either sympathetic or parasympathetic. There are a variety of neurotransmitters released by autonomic neurons. The action of these neurons is largely dependent upon the neurotransmitter chemical that is released from the pres ...
... autonomic nervous system are always motor (efferent) and are classified as either sympathetic or parasympathetic. There are a variety of neurotransmitters released by autonomic neurons. The action of these neurons is largely dependent upon the neurotransmitter chemical that is released from the pres ...
VL_CHAPTER_4
... human who was viewing a stimulus. The stimulus shown is a flickering ring with a checkerboard pattern that slowly expanded, moving from the center of vision (the foveal region) to the periphery. Notice that the left and right hemispheres are shown separately and increases in activity are shown in wh ...
... human who was viewing a stimulus. The stimulus shown is a flickering ring with a checkerboard pattern that slowly expanded, moving from the center of vision (the foveal region) to the periphery. Notice that the left and right hemispheres are shown separately and increases in activity are shown in wh ...
Presynaptic Modulation of the Retinogeniculate Synapse
... tion via GABAB receptors is present at the retinogeniculate synapse, we studied the effects of antagonizing GABAB receptors. Bath application of CGP55845 alone did not alter the response to pairs of stimuli (Fig. 1 B). On average, the EPSC amplitude in CGP55845 was 98.5 ⫾ 2.6% of control (n ⫽ 4). Th ...
... tion via GABAB receptors is present at the retinogeniculate synapse, we studied the effects of antagonizing GABAB receptors. Bath application of CGP55845 alone did not alter the response to pairs of stimuli (Fig. 1 B). On average, the EPSC amplitude in CGP55845 was 98.5 ⫾ 2.6% of control (n ⫽ 4). Th ...
Hearing part III
... • It is the most accepted theory. • Basilar membrane fibers are short thick stiff fibers at the base → maximally activated by the high frequency sounds and long thin lax fibers at the apex → maximally activated by low frequency sounds • So each frequency causes vibration of its own particular "plac ...
... • It is the most accepted theory. • Basilar membrane fibers are short thick stiff fibers at the base → maximally activated by the high frequency sounds and long thin lax fibers at the apex → maximally activated by low frequency sounds • So each frequency causes vibration of its own particular "plac ...
Lecture-20-2013-Bi
... Proust, Remembrance of Things Past “as soon as I had recognized the taste of the piece of madeleine soaked in her decoction of lime-blossom which my aunt used to give me (although I did not yet know and must long postpone the discovery of why this memory made me so happy) immediately the old grey h ...
... Proust, Remembrance of Things Past “as soon as I had recognized the taste of the piece of madeleine soaked in her decoction of lime-blossom which my aunt used to give me (although I did not yet know and must long postpone the discovery of why this memory made me so happy) immediately the old grey h ...
PDF file
... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
house symposium 2015 - Instituto do Cérebro
... he called sniffing composed of: “(a) protraction and retraction of the mystacial vibrissae, (b) protraction and retraction of the nose or tip of the snout, (c) head approach and withdrawal (or extension and retraction), and (d) rapid expiration and inspiration (polypnea)”. During sniffing, all of th ...
... he called sniffing composed of: “(a) protraction and retraction of the mystacial vibrissae, (b) protraction and retraction of the nose or tip of the snout, (c) head approach and withdrawal (or extension and retraction), and (d) rapid expiration and inspiration (polypnea)”. During sniffing, all of th ...
Anatomy and Physiology
... When pain is felt in the organ as well as in some surface area far from the stimulated area. The area to which the pain is referred and the visceral organ involved are serviced by the same area of the spinal cord. The heart and skin on the medial portion of the upper arm enter the spinal cord betwee ...
... When pain is felt in the organ as well as in some surface area far from the stimulated area. The area to which the pain is referred and the visceral organ involved are serviced by the same area of the spinal cord. The heart and skin on the medial portion of the upper arm enter the spinal cord betwee ...
Bonaiuto_Progress-Report_3.31.07
... Brown et al., (1999) present a biologically plausible neural network that produces dopaminergic neuron firing rates corresponding to TD error. In this model, dopaminergic neurons of the SNc are excited by unconditioned stimuli (US) via the lateral hypothalamus, ventral striatum, and pendunculopontin ...
... Brown et al., (1999) present a biologically plausible neural network that produces dopaminergic neuron firing rates corresponding to TD error. In this model, dopaminergic neurons of the SNc are excited by unconditioned stimuli (US) via the lateral hypothalamus, ventral striatum, and pendunculopontin ...
Program booklet - Munich Center for NeuroSciences
... Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic connections results in the formation and stabilization of new dendritic spines in vitro. Similarly, experience-dependent plasticity in vivo is associated with changes in the number and stability of spines. However, to date, the contribution of excitatory syna ...
... Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic connections results in the formation and stabilization of new dendritic spines in vitro. Similarly, experience-dependent plasticity in vivo is associated with changes in the number and stability of spines. However, to date, the contribution of excitatory syna ...
Coefficient of Variation (CV) vs Mean Interspike Interval (ISI) curves
... D. R. Smith and G. K. Smith, A statistical analysis of the continuous activity of single cortical neurons in the cat unanesthetized isolated forebrain, Biophys. J. 5 (1965) 47-74. ...
... D. R. Smith and G. K. Smith, A statistical analysis of the continuous activity of single cortical neurons in the cat unanesthetized isolated forebrain, Biophys. J. 5 (1965) 47-74. ...
Lentivirus-based genetic manipulations of cortical neurons and their
... activity in vivo in comparison with the shorter constructs. This finding underscores the importance of testing different-length promoter fragments in the lentiviral vectors. Because Synapsin I expression peaks between the second and third postnatal week (17), the Synapsin I-based vectors may be suit ...
... activity in vivo in comparison with the shorter constructs. This finding underscores the importance of testing different-length promoter fragments in the lentiviral vectors. Because Synapsin I expression peaks between the second and third postnatal week (17), the Synapsin I-based vectors may be suit ...
Encoding of Rules by Neurons in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal
... We use rules to extend learned behavior beyond specific instances to general scenarios. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play an important role in representing rules, as evidenced by subjects who have difficulty in following rules after PFC damage and by animal studies demonstrating rule sens ...
... We use rules to extend learned behavior beyond specific instances to general scenarios. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play an important role in representing rules, as evidenced by subjects who have difficulty in following rules after PFC damage and by animal studies demonstrating rule sens ...
Chapter 21
... ii. mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, and anus iii. muscles, tendons, and joints iv. internal ear 2. Some parts of the body are densely populated with receptors (e.g., tip of tongue, lips, fingertips) and other parts of the body have few receptors (e.g., back of neck). 3. Somatic sensations tha ...
... ii. mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, and anus iii. muscles, tendons, and joints iv. internal ear 2. Some parts of the body are densely populated with receptors (e.g., tip of tongue, lips, fingertips) and other parts of the body have few receptors (e.g., back of neck). 3. Somatic sensations tha ...
chaper 4_c b bangal
... network then processes the inputs and compares its resulting outputs against the desired outputs. Errors are then propagated back through the system, causing the system to adjust the weights, which control the network. This process occurs over and over as the weights are continually tweaked. The set ...
... network then processes the inputs and compares its resulting outputs against the desired outputs. Errors are then propagated back through the system, causing the system to adjust the weights, which control the network. This process occurs over and over as the weights are continually tweaked. The set ...
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after
... A neuron’s spike width was determined by calculating the distance between the 2 troughs of the average waveform. We distinguished between fast-spiking (FS—putative interneurons) and regular-spiking (RS—putative pyramidal) neurons based on previous analysis (Constantinidis and Goldman-Rakic 2002) whi ...
... A neuron’s spike width was determined by calculating the distance between the 2 troughs of the average waveform. We distinguished between fast-spiking (FS—putative interneurons) and regular-spiking (RS—putative pyramidal) neurons based on previous analysis (Constantinidis and Goldman-Rakic 2002) whi ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.