Foundations of Epidemiology
... everyone infected develops the disease. Identifying causal associations is complex and typically requires making a “judgment” based on the totality of evidence, such as a valid statistical association, time sequence of events, biologic credibility, and consistency among studies. A step towards under ...
... everyone infected develops the disease. Identifying causal associations is complex and typically requires making a “judgment” based on the totality of evidence, such as a valid statistical association, time sequence of events, biologic credibility, and consistency among studies. A step towards under ...
Seasonal pattern of chytridiomycosis in common river frog
... its wide distribution, inclusion within many protected areas, and the ability to tolerate some habitat disturbance, this species is not threatened (Channing 2004). Surveys of 12 geographically distinct localities in South Africa conducted during the period 2004–2008 have shown that A. angolensis fro ...
... its wide distribution, inclusion within many protected areas, and the ability to tolerate some habitat disturbance, this species is not threatened (Channing 2004). Surveys of 12 geographically distinct localities in South Africa conducted during the period 2004–2008 have shown that A. angolensis fro ...
Editable Lecture PowerPoint
... • Images used on this resource, and on the SPO website are, wherever possible, credited and linked to their source. Any words underlined and appearing in blue are links that can be clicked on for more information. PPT files must be viewed in slide show mode to use the hyperlinks directly. • Several ...
... • Images used on this resource, and on the SPO website are, wherever possible, credited and linked to their source. Any words underlined and appearing in blue are links that can be clicked on for more information. PPT files must be viewed in slide show mode to use the hyperlinks directly. • Several ...
Slide 1
... • To promote the development and testing of new methods for improving Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) vector control and support the generation and exploitation of Glossina genome sequence data • To advance the development and evaluation of new and improved integrated methods for malaria and den ...
... • To promote the development and testing of new methods for improving Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) vector control and support the generation and exploitation of Glossina genome sequence data • To advance the development and evaluation of new and improved integrated methods for malaria and den ...
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease
... Outward signs in live white-tailed deer depend partly on virulence (potency) of the virus and duration of infection. Many infected deer appear normal or show only mild signs of illness. When illness occurs, the signs change as the disease progresses. Initially animals may be depressed; feverish; hav ...
... Outward signs in live white-tailed deer depend partly on virulence (potency) of the virus and duration of infection. Many infected deer appear normal or show only mild signs of illness. When illness occurs, the signs change as the disease progresses. Initially animals may be depressed; feverish; hav ...
Adolpho Lutz
... conspicuous nor very characteristic lesions do not lend themselves easily to the detection of all cases, the more so as both the victims and their families generally try to hide the disease. One cannot attribute the disappearance or the dwindling of leprosy to isolation. Nor could such isolation be ...
... conspicuous nor very characteristic lesions do not lend themselves easily to the detection of all cases, the more so as both the victims and their families generally try to hide the disease. One cannot attribute the disappearance or the dwindling of leprosy to isolation. Nor could such isolation be ...
Filament formation associated with spirochetal infection: a comparative approach to Morgellons disease
... involvement,5,6 and cattle with BDD are reported to be serologically reactive to Borrelia burgdoferi antigens.7,8 Consistent detection of spirochetes in the lower dermal layers adds further weight to the etiological involvement of these bacterial agents.9–16 Proliferative or late-stage lesions demon ...
... involvement,5,6 and cattle with BDD are reported to be serologically reactive to Borrelia burgdoferi antigens.7,8 Consistent detection of spirochetes in the lower dermal layers adds further weight to the etiological involvement of these bacterial agents.9–16 Proliferative or late-stage lesions demon ...
Lyme Disease in Australia
... Types of tests • ELISA – first test done as screening test. ELISA is measuring an immune reaction but is not highly sensitive – most cases missed. A negative ELISA test does not rule out Lyme disease. Not a sensitive test. • PCR – looks for DNA of bacteria in blood. Can do for borrelia and all coin ...
... Types of tests • ELISA – first test done as screening test. ELISA is measuring an immune reaction but is not highly sensitive – most cases missed. A negative ELISA test does not rule out Lyme disease. Not a sensitive test. • PCR – looks for DNA of bacteria in blood. Can do for borrelia and all coin ...
266 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... a) human-to-human parenteral – via transplants (e.g. dura mater, cornea), cadaveric growth hormone*, blood transfusions, contaminated brain electrodes – i.e. mainly iatrogenic! – INCUBATION PERIOD ranges from 2 years (inoculated directly into brain) to > 15 years (inoculated subcutaneously). – cours ...
... a) human-to-human parenteral – via transplants (e.g. dura mater, cornea), cadaveric growth hormone*, blood transfusions, contaminated brain electrodes – i.e. mainly iatrogenic! – INCUBATION PERIOD ranges from 2 years (inoculated directly into brain) to > 15 years (inoculated subcutaneously). – cours ...
Accredited Facilities with Variance
... The facility’s process meets the intent of the standard. Platelet concentrates are derived from pooled buffy coat that are pre-stored in a leukoreduced in a closed system, and the process in place has been validated to ensure that these units can be issued for transfusion up to midnight on the fifth ...
... The facility’s process meets the intent of the standard. Platelet concentrates are derived from pooled buffy coat that are pre-stored in a leukoreduced in a closed system, and the process in place has been validated to ensure that these units can be issued for transfusion up to midnight on the fifth ...
Infection Control within an Animal Shelter
... • Cat. 1 An organism that is most unlikely to cause disease • Cat. 2 An organism that may cause disease and which might be a hazard (campylobacter, Ringworm, Bordetella, etc ) • Cat. 3 An organism that may cause severe disease and present a serious hazard. It may present a risk of spread to the comm ...
... • Cat. 1 An organism that is most unlikely to cause disease • Cat. 2 An organism that may cause disease and which might be a hazard (campylobacter, Ringworm, Bordetella, etc ) • Cat. 3 An organism that may cause severe disease and present a serious hazard. It may present a risk of spread to the comm ...
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
... Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyph, a gram-negative bacilli. ...
... Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyph, a gram-negative bacilli. ...
X Std Biology Chapter 2 Question answers
... mother’s blood into the foetus, it is called Naturally Passive Acquired Immunity. 2. Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity: If the readymade antibody is given to an individual artificially, (produced in some other animal and extracted) it is called Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity. This immunity ...
... mother’s blood into the foetus, it is called Naturally Passive Acquired Immunity. 2. Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity: If the readymade antibody is given to an individual artificially, (produced in some other animal and extracted) it is called Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity. This immunity ...
Ans - St.Paul`s Mat. Hr. Sec. School Welcomes You
... mother’s blood into the foetus, it is called Naturally Passive Acquired Immunity. 2. Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity: If the readymade antibody is given to an individual artificially, (produced in some other animal and extracted) it is called Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity. This immunity ...
... mother’s blood into the foetus, it is called Naturally Passive Acquired Immunity. 2. Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity: If the readymade antibody is given to an individual artificially, (produced in some other animal and extracted) it is called Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity. This immunity ...
White Blood Cells (WBC) Normal and Abnormal Dr. Alia ALFARAEDI
... smear. In addition a small but increased number of band forms are seen. The platelets are moderately increased in number. ...
... smear. In addition a small but increased number of band forms are seen. The platelets are moderately increased in number. ...
A model for dengue disease with variable human population
... [18]. With the emergence of dengue haemorraghic fever in 1954 the impact of the disease became more pronounced. In the 1970s and 1980s, the incidence of DHF rose to over 250 000 cases per year, and DHF is now the third of fourth leading cause of hospitalization of children in some areas of the Asian ...
... [18]. With the emergence of dengue haemorraghic fever in 1954 the impact of the disease became more pronounced. In the 1970s and 1980s, the incidence of DHF rose to over 250 000 cases per year, and DHF is now the third of fourth leading cause of hospitalization of children in some areas of the Asian ...
Volume 24 - No 8: Hepatitis B
... who are acutely HBV infected will develop chronic hepatitis. The remainder will clear the infection and have life long immunity. Patients with chronic hepatitis are carriers of actively replicating virus and thus are a source of infection to other individuals. HBV also plays an important role in the ...
... who are acutely HBV infected will develop chronic hepatitis. The remainder will clear the infection and have life long immunity. Patients with chronic hepatitis are carriers of actively replicating virus and thus are a source of infection to other individuals. HBV also plays an important role in the ...
The Challenges of Risk Perception and Infectious Disease Response
... inherent risk perceptions can be difficult to overcome, but they are not impossible. The next section will discuss each of these elements that formulate risk perception and how they can be counteracted to create a more accurate perception of risk. The Challenges of Communication and the CDC The Cent ...
... inherent risk perceptions can be difficult to overcome, but they are not impossible. The next section will discuss each of these elements that formulate risk perception and how they can be counteracted to create a more accurate perception of risk. The Challenges of Communication and the CDC The Cent ...
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (Streptococcus pneumoniae
... of S. pneumoniae within a family or household is influenced by factors such as crowding, season and the presence of upper respiratory infections or pneumococcal disease such as pneumonia or otitis media (2). In adults, crowded living conditions and close contact as in military camps, correctional fa ...
... of S. pneumoniae within a family or household is influenced by factors such as crowding, season and the presence of upper respiratory infections or pneumococcal disease such as pneumonia or otitis media (2). In adults, crowded living conditions and close contact as in military camps, correctional fa ...
What is Bartonellosis?
... joint aches and swelling neurological abnormalities skin rash or markings ...
... joint aches and swelling neurological abnormalities skin rash or markings ...
Information on Zika Virus (updated January 25, 2017)
... updates are done very frequently. This causes a lot of uncertainties. In addition, ZIKV diagnostic tests are not yet validated and the sensitivity/specificity are still unknown. The following recommendations of the Swiss Expert Committee of Travel Medicine (ECTM) are consensus orientated and take in ...
... updates are done very frequently. This causes a lot of uncertainties. In addition, ZIKV diagnostic tests are not yet validated and the sensitivity/specificity are still unknown. The following recommendations of the Swiss Expert Committee of Travel Medicine (ECTM) are consensus orientated and take in ...
Influenza Complications
... Influenza is a serious infectious disease that can cause severe illness in people of all ages even if they are in good health. An individual’s response to influenza is difficult to predict. Some people will experience mild symptoms, while the virus may cause serious infection or death in others. Inf ...
... Influenza is a serious infectious disease that can cause severe illness in people of all ages even if they are in good health. An individual’s response to influenza is difficult to predict. Some people will experience mild symptoms, while the virus may cause serious infection or death in others. Inf ...
Diseases Caused by Systemic Prokaryotic Organisms
... (C. jambhiri), kumquats (Fortunella spp.) and citrons (C. medica). Symptoms are even weaker on limes (C. aurantiifolia) and pummelos (C. grandis). Though other Rutaceae have been infected artificially, there are not apparently any records of their natural infection. Citrus greening bacterium c ...
... (C. jambhiri), kumquats (Fortunella spp.) and citrons (C. medica). Symptoms are even weaker on limes (C. aurantiifolia) and pummelos (C. grandis). Though other Rutaceae have been infected artificially, there are not apparently any records of their natural infection. Citrus greening bacterium c ...
Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease?
... caused by each infectious individual in a partially immune population. In wellmixed populations, ReffZsR0, where s is the fraction of the population that is susceptible. Endemic fadeout: extinction of the disease from a stable endemic state owing to random fluctuations in the number of infected indi ...
... caused by each infectious individual in a partially immune population. In wellmixed populations, ReffZsR0, where s is the fraction of the population that is susceptible. Endemic fadeout: extinction of the disease from a stable endemic state owing to random fluctuations in the number of infected indi ...
Chagas disease
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects known as triatominae or kissing bugs. The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30 to 40% of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20 to 30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people.T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking ""kissing bugs"" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: vinchuca in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, barbeiro (the barber) in Brazil, pito in Colombia, chinche in Central America, and chipo in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites, and by vertical transmission (from a mother to her fetus). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood.Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites. Other preventative efforts include screening blood used for transfusions. A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013. Early infections are treatable with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox. Medication nearly always results in a cure if given early, but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of end–stage symptoms. Benznidazole and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40% of people including skin disorders, brain toxicity, and digestive system irritation.It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2013. In 2006, Chagas was estimated to result in 12,500 deaths per year. Most people with the disease are poor, and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected. Large-scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States. These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014. The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named. It affects more than 150 other animals.