Glycogen Phosphorylase
... are almost identical to the brain, liver, and muscle forms in different organisms •Glycogen phosphorylase showed up in a lot of bacteria, and then in vertebrates, but not much in the middle this might be because it hasn’t been studied much in other organisms ...
... are almost identical to the brain, liver, and muscle forms in different organisms •Glycogen phosphorylase showed up in a lot of bacteria, and then in vertebrates, but not much in the middle this might be because it hasn’t been studied much in other organisms ...
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Part 2
... stomata are open. Prevent CO2 losses • The C3 pathway is used during the day when the stomata are closed and there is a need to reduce water loss. The CO2 for making sugars during the day come from organic molecules made during the previous night, none from atmosphere. ...
... stomata are open. Prevent CO2 losses • The C3 pathway is used during the day when the stomata are closed and there is a need to reduce water loss. The CO2 for making sugars during the day come from organic molecules made during the previous night, none from atmosphere. ...
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... • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol where glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. • Molecules like fructose, amino acids, and free fatty acids can be used as fuel by the cells. • These molecules enter glycolysis later in the pathway or by chemical conversion to one of the ...
... • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol where glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. • Molecules like fructose, amino acids, and free fatty acids can be used as fuel by the cells. • These molecules enter glycolysis later in the pathway or by chemical conversion to one of the ...
The Physiological Roles of Enzymes
... A. Enzymes use a variety of strategies to catalyze reactions, and individual enzymes often use more than one strategy. B. Substrate binding by an enzyme helps catalyze the reaction by bringing the reactants into proximity with the optimal orientation for reaction. C. Amino acid side chains within ac ...
... A. Enzymes use a variety of strategies to catalyze reactions, and individual enzymes often use more than one strategy. B. Substrate binding by an enzyme helps catalyze the reaction by bringing the reactants into proximity with the optimal orientation for reaction. C. Amino acid side chains within ac ...
NutraMetrix Products for Diabetes Management
... in fiber and low in nutrients, such as sweets, chips, crackers and other processed foods. What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates? There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are absorbed very easily from the intestine into the bloodstream a ...
... in fiber and low in nutrients, such as sweets, chips, crackers and other processed foods. What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates? There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are absorbed very easily from the intestine into the bloodstream a ...
CK-NAC Reagent (Creatine Kinase, activated by N
... 2. If the change in absorbance is greater than 0.45/min repeat the assay with diluted serum. However, the volume fraction of serum in the CK reaction system is critical. Changes in the volume fraction, as will occur in sample predilution, does not produce stoichiometric changes in the reaction rat ...
... 2. If the change in absorbance is greater than 0.45/min repeat the assay with diluted serum. However, the volume fraction of serum in the CK reaction system is critical. Changes in the volume fraction, as will occur in sample predilution, does not produce stoichiometric changes in the reaction rat ...
Lec6 Fatty acid oxid..
... Liver in fasting state: liver can use the following sources of energy: 1- Free fatty acids (from adipose tissue) is oxidized to produce energy 2- Glycerol (from adipose tissue), amino acids (from degradation of muscle protein), and lactate (from muscles), all are used as substrates of gluconeogenes ...
... Liver in fasting state: liver can use the following sources of energy: 1- Free fatty acids (from adipose tissue) is oxidized to produce energy 2- Glycerol (from adipose tissue), amino acids (from degradation of muscle protein), and lactate (from muscles), all are used as substrates of gluconeogenes ...
CHARACTERIZATION OF RED BLOOD CELL METABOLISM IN
... phosphagen metabolism were all present-in significant amounts in red blood cells. In direct comparisons of 14C-labelled substrates at normal resting plasma concentrations, rates of CO2 production were in the order: glucose>lactate>alanine>oleate. Total CO2 production rates from these four oxidative ...
... phosphagen metabolism were all present-in significant amounts in red blood cells. In direct comparisons of 14C-labelled substrates at normal resting plasma concentrations, rates of CO2 production were in the order: glucose>lactate>alanine>oleate. Total CO2 production rates from these four oxidative ...
Effect of increased free fatty acid supply on glucose metabolism and
... Decreased glucose storage was also observed in a number of these studies [8, 9, 151. An effect on glucose storage was not originally proposed by Randle et al. [7], who suggested that increased NEFA metabolism might favour the conversion of glucose to glycogen rather than to lactate. This discrepancy ...
... Decreased glucose storage was also observed in a number of these studies [8, 9, 151. An effect on glucose storage was not originally proposed by Randle et al. [7], who suggested that increased NEFA metabolism might favour the conversion of glucose to glycogen rather than to lactate. This discrepancy ...
Exercise Physiology
... maximal exercise - Fat requires 15% more oxygen for its breakdown - And means the athlete can only work at lower intensities - Once OBLA has been reached the body has insufficient oxygen available to burn fats - Only carbohydrates can be broken down anaerobically 22. Define OBLA and describe its eff ...
... maximal exercise - Fat requires 15% more oxygen for its breakdown - And means the athlete can only work at lower intensities - Once OBLA has been reached the body has insufficient oxygen available to burn fats - Only carbohydrates can be broken down anaerobically 22. Define OBLA and describe its eff ...
Lipid metabolism
... Though it produces more energy, it does not directly produce ATP during the oxidation steps(no substrate level phosphorylation) β-Oxidation yields Acetyl CoA,NADH & FADH,requiring TCA cycle and Respiratory chain for further metabolism TCA cycle and Respiratory chain requires O2 So Fatty acid cannot ...
... Though it produces more energy, it does not directly produce ATP during the oxidation steps(no substrate level phosphorylation) β-Oxidation yields Acetyl CoA,NADH & FADH,requiring TCA cycle and Respiratory chain for further metabolism TCA cycle and Respiratory chain requires O2 So Fatty acid cannot ...
2.8 Respiration - biology4friends
... 17. Bioethanol is ethanol produced by living organisms, for use as a renewable energy source. It can be used as a fuel in vehicles, sometimes in a pure state and sometimes mixed with gasoline (petrol). Describe how bioethanol can be produced from plant material with reference to the function of yeas ...
... 17. Bioethanol is ethanol produced by living organisms, for use as a renewable energy source. It can be used as a fuel in vehicles, sometimes in a pure state and sometimes mixed with gasoline (petrol). Describe how bioethanol can be produced from plant material with reference to the function of yeas ...
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... B2.5.2 Enzymes Relate the shape of an enzyme to its function Describe how high temperatures affect enzymes Describe how enzymes work at different pH values Describe examples of enzymes that work outside of body cells, such as digestive enzymes, including details of where they are produced, where the ...
... B2.5.2 Enzymes Relate the shape of an enzyme to its function Describe how high temperatures affect enzymes Describe how enzymes work at different pH values Describe examples of enzymes that work outside of body cells, such as digestive enzymes, including details of where they are produced, where the ...
Presentation - MD Anderson Cancer Center
... • Protein sources added second • Very limited portions of CHO foods, including fruits and vegetables, added last. ...
... • Protein sources added second • Very limited portions of CHO foods, including fruits and vegetables, added last. ...
Chap 4. Growth and Metabolism
... Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle) – Oxydation of pyruvic acid to H+, eand CO2 (occurs in mitochondria) 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O2 and increasing CO2 ...
... Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle) – Oxydation of pyruvic acid to H+, eand CO2 (occurs in mitochondria) 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O2 and increasing CO2 ...
Allosteric Enzymes
... -chymotrypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of two dipeptide fragments to give -chymotrypsin -chymotrypsin consists of three polypeptide chains joined by two of the five original disulfide bonds The X-ray crystallography of chymotrypsin has been determined The Protonated isoleucine side chain is in ...
... -chymotrypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of two dipeptide fragments to give -chymotrypsin -chymotrypsin consists of three polypeptide chains joined by two of the five original disulfide bonds The X-ray crystallography of chymotrypsin has been determined The Protonated isoleucine side chain is in ...
electron transport
... Mitochondria play a significant role in the programmed death of cells (apoptosis) – Apoptosis is a mechanism through which certain cells are eliminated from higher organisms – It is central to the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms – Apoptosis is suppressed through compartmentati ...
... Mitochondria play a significant role in the programmed death of cells (apoptosis) – Apoptosis is a mechanism through which certain cells are eliminated from higher organisms – It is central to the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms – Apoptosis is suppressed through compartmentati ...
Enzymatic Synthesis of Arginine Phosphate with Coupled ATP
... work with limited amounts (100-400 U) of the relatively expensive6enzyme and to let the reaction proceed over several days. Arginine kinase was immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel (PAN 1000) using a procedure described previously (12), and using ADP, Mg2+, Arg, and NOT7 to protect the active site. I ...
... work with limited amounts (100-400 U) of the relatively expensive6enzyme and to let the reaction proceed over several days. Arginine kinase was immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel (PAN 1000) using a procedure described previously (12), and using ADP, Mg2+, Arg, and NOT7 to protect the active site. I ...
free energy - Thunderbird High School
... • Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate • Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective • Examples of inhibitors include toxins, poisons, pesticides, and an ...
... • Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate • Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective • Examples of inhibitors include toxins, poisons, pesticides, and an ...
Slide 1
... • backbone is called cholesterol = 4 fused carbon rings • cholesterol is synthesized in the liver • modified in other organs • e.g. testosterone – cholesterol is modified in the testes ...
... • backbone is called cholesterol = 4 fused carbon rings • cholesterol is synthesized in the liver • modified in other organs • e.g. testosterone – cholesterol is modified in the testes ...
LIPID METABOLISM BIOSYNTHESIS or DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF
... 4) -Ketoacyl-enzyme is reduced to -hydroxy butyryl enzyme complex using NADPH+H+. 5) Molecule of H2O is removed from -OH butyryl enzyme to form , unsaturated acyl enzyme. 6) The unsaturated bond in , unsaturated acyl enzyme is again reduced using NADPH+H+ to form butyryl or acyl enzyme.Th ...
... 4) -Ketoacyl-enzyme is reduced to -hydroxy butyryl enzyme complex using NADPH+H+. 5) Molecule of H2O is removed from -OH butyryl enzyme to form , unsaturated acyl enzyme. 6) The unsaturated bond in , unsaturated acyl enzyme is again reduced using NADPH+H+ to form butyryl or acyl enzyme.Th ...
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production
... Starch resembles glycogen, but it has few or no a-1:6 glycosidic linkages, the glucose residues are little branched (amylopectin) or not branched (amylose). Amylose and amylopectin are substrates for salivary amylase, and their structures are illustrated in Fig. 12.10. The substrate for starch synth ...
... Starch resembles glycogen, but it has few or no a-1:6 glycosidic linkages, the glucose residues are little branched (amylopectin) or not branched (amylose). Amylose and amylopectin are substrates for salivary amylase, and their structures are illustrated in Fig. 12.10. The substrate for starch synth ...
2- All essential amino acids are glucogenic. False
... 4- Cysteine is an essential amino acid in individuals consuming a diet severely limited in methionine. True Methionine is the precursor of cysteine. 5- In the presence of adequate dietary sources of tyrosine, phenylalanine is not an essential amino acid. False Phenylalanine is essential regardless o ...
... 4- Cysteine is an essential amino acid in individuals consuming a diet severely limited in methionine. True Methionine is the precursor of cysteine. 5- In the presence of adequate dietary sources of tyrosine, phenylalanine is not an essential amino acid. False Phenylalanine is essential regardless o ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑