Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and
... institutionalization of biology "Numerous biological sciences were established in America, but no unified science of biology."2 So formidable was this task, that the hope of ever formulating a unified biological society representing a unified science of biology appeared to have been largely abandone ...
... institutionalization of biology "Numerous biological sciences were established in America, but no unified science of biology."2 So formidable was this task, that the hope of ever formulating a unified biological society representing a unified science of biology appeared to have been largely abandone ...
Evolution in Response to Direct and Indirect Effects in Pitcher Plant
... Interactions between organisms and their environment are tightly linked to the evolutionary history of the species, so it follows that the ecology of a community should be linked to the evolutionary history of the species in the community. Yet few experimental studies have incorporated evolutionary ...
... Interactions between organisms and their environment are tightly linked to the evolutionary history of the species, so it follows that the ecology of a community should be linked to the evolutionary history of the species in the community. Yet few experimental studies have incorporated evolutionary ...
through time, particular reference type area
... bryozoans, boring and encrusting bivalves, sessile gastropods and cirripedes. Member (units IVf-1 to ...
... bryozoans, boring and encrusting bivalves, sessile gastropods and cirripedes. Member (units IVf-1 to ...
- Megan Woolfit
... in any mainland lineages. We erred on the side of caution, including only those radiations for which clear evidence was presented in the literature of a greater rate of ecological diversification than the mainland lineages. (We did not necessarily establish that the island had more lineages, as this ...
... in any mainland lineages. We erred on the side of caution, including only those radiations for which clear evidence was presented in the literature of a greater rate of ecological diversification than the mainland lineages. (We did not necessarily establish that the island had more lineages, as this ...
Palaeontologia Electronica Extinction: Evolution and the End of Man
... amount of time recorded in Earth’s multi-billion year history. To summarize: First, humans burned wood, then coal, and now oil, all repositories for carbon that was laid down over the millennia in what was previously an Earth in relative balance. Humans have mined these resources at an exponential r ...
... amount of time recorded in Earth’s multi-billion year history. To summarize: First, humans burned wood, then coal, and now oil, all repositories for carbon that was laid down over the millennia in what was previously an Earth in relative balance. Humans have mined these resources at an exponential r ...
Hard and Soft Selection Revisited: How Evolution by Natural
... Haldane. Different genotypes have constant differences in fitness in a given environment. Soft selection instead envisions the environment as having vacancies to be filled. Who fills them is a function of population density (the number of contenders for vacancies) and the identity and frequencies of ...
... Haldane. Different genotypes have constant differences in fitness in a given environment. Soft selection instead envisions the environment as having vacancies to be filled. Who fills them is a function of population density (the number of contenders for vacancies) and the identity and frequencies of ...
Introduction. Extent, processes and evolutionary impact - BiK-F
... identify species to measure the effect of gene flow or to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships or phylogeographic patterns. However, the genetic basis of natural selection and reproductive isolation were examined only recently, and thus there are still relatively few ecological genetic analyses th ...
... identify species to measure the effect of gene flow or to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships or phylogeographic patterns. However, the genetic basis of natural selection and reproductive isolation were examined only recently, and thus there are still relatively few ecological genetic analyses th ...
Overcoming evolutionary history: conditioning the
... 1. Synthesize the literature on evolutionary traps: As mentioned above, the BTM’s lack of evolutionary history with WMF has caused it to fall into an evolutionary trap in which BTM individuals are highly susceptible to WMF predation. To begin to understand how conditioning can be used to rescue BTM ...
... 1. Synthesize the literature on evolutionary traps: As mentioned above, the BTM’s lack of evolutionary history with WMF has caused it to fall into an evolutionary trap in which BTM individuals are highly susceptible to WMF predation. To begin to understand how conditioning can be used to rescue BTM ...
Domains, Brains and Evolution
... (2) An information-processing mechanism (or set of such mechanisms) dedicated to producing established responses to a problem (or set of problems) routinely faced by the organism. (3) The output of an information-processing mechanism, where ‘output’ is taken to mean not behaviour, but rather an info ...
... (2) An information-processing mechanism (or set of such mechanisms) dedicated to producing established responses to a problem (or set of problems) routinely faced by the organism. (3) The output of an information-processing mechanism, where ‘output’ is taken to mean not behaviour, but rather an info ...
Durham Research Online
... biological subspecies), suggested that replacement in Europe occurred via a moving hybrid zone between different hominin ‘species’. This idea, contrasting with other cercopithecid-hominin comparisons, needs testing further, but the baboon analogy, as Jolly (2001) points out, certainly shows that the ...
... biological subspecies), suggested that replacement in Europe occurred via a moving hybrid zone between different hominin ‘species’. This idea, contrasting with other cercopithecid-hominin comparisons, needs testing further, but the baboon analogy, as Jolly (2001) points out, certainly shows that the ...
Genome-wide patterns of divergence during speciation: the lake
... The nature, size and distribution of the genomic regions underlying divergence and promoting reproductive isolation remain largely unknown. Here, we summarize ongoing efforts using young (12 000 yr BP) species pairs of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to expand our understanding of the initia ...
... The nature, size and distribution of the genomic regions underlying divergence and promoting reproductive isolation remain largely unknown. Here, we summarize ongoing efforts using young (12 000 yr BP) species pairs of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to expand our understanding of the initia ...
mutualisms and facilitation
... Evolution of facilitation and mutualism 1163 A second feature shared by mutualism and facilitation is that costs and not only benefits usually accrue within the interaction. The costs of mutualism have been extensively documented and frequently measured; they include, for example, costs of locating, ...
... Evolution of facilitation and mutualism 1163 A second feature shared by mutualism and facilitation is that costs and not only benefits usually accrue within the interaction. The costs of mutualism have been extensively documented and frequently measured; they include, for example, costs of locating, ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Evolution of facilitation and mutualism 1163 A second feature shared by mutualism and facilitation is that costs and not only benefits usually accrue within the interaction. The costs of mutualism have been extensively documented and frequently measured; they include, for example, costs of locating, ...
... Evolution of facilitation and mutualism 1163 A second feature shared by mutualism and facilitation is that costs and not only benefits usually accrue within the interaction. The costs of mutualism have been extensively documented and frequently measured; they include, for example, costs of locating, ...
The role of interspecific interference competition
... (e.g. weaponry, body size). We define agonistic character displacement (ACD) as the process of phenotypic evolution in a population caused by interference competition with one or more sympatric species and which results in shifts in traits that affect the rate, intensity or outcome of interspecific ...
... (e.g. weaponry, body size). We define agonistic character displacement (ACD) as the process of phenotypic evolution in a population caused by interference competition with one or more sympatric species and which results in shifts in traits that affect the rate, intensity or outcome of interspecific ...
Darwin`s view of species
... Independently of fusion from intercrossing, the complete absence, in a wellinvestigated region, of varieties linking together any two closely-allied forms, is probably the most important of all the criterions of their specific distinctness; … (Darwin 1871: 215) Early Darwinians, such as Alfred Russe ...
... Independently of fusion from intercrossing, the complete absence, in a wellinvestigated region, of varieties linking together any two closely-allied forms, is probably the most important of all the criterions of their specific distinctness; … (Darwin 1871: 215) Early Darwinians, such as Alfred Russe ...
Full Text - Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard
... geographic distance and environmental dissimilarity, and ask how well predictions from the mainland model match observed turnover involving islands. If the mainland model accurately predicts island turnover, then islands may not be as unique in their assembly processes as is often assumed. If island ...
... geographic distance and environmental dissimilarity, and ask how well predictions from the mainland model match observed turnover involving islands. If the mainland model accurately predicts island turnover, then islands may not be as unique in their assembly processes as is often assumed. If island ...
Repeated evolution of reproductive isolation in a marine snail
... mosaic-like pattern with narrow hybrid zones in between, over which gene flow is 10 –30% of within-ecotype gene flow. Multi-locus comparisons cluster populations by geographic affinity independent of ecotype, while loci under selection group populations by ecotype. The repeated occurrence of partial ...
... mosaic-like pattern with narrow hybrid zones in between, over which gene flow is 10 –30% of within-ecotype gene flow. Multi-locus comparisons cluster populations by geographic affinity independent of ecotype, while loci under selection group populations by ecotype. The repeated occurrence of partial ...
Understanding Rapid Evolution in Predator
... cause the new dynamical behavior to arise. Hence, we believe a more general theory is needed in order to characterize the full spectrum of dynamics that ecoevolutionary systems can exhibit. An inherent difficulty in studying systems with rapid evolution is the intractability of higher (three or more ...
... cause the new dynamical behavior to arise. Hence, we believe a more general theory is needed in order to characterize the full spectrum of dynamics that ecoevolutionary systems can exhibit. An inherent difficulty in studying systems with rapid evolution is the intractability of higher (three or more ...
Speciation genetics: current status and evolving approaches
... consensus had emerged that speciation represented complete reproductive isolation of biological species, which could most likely be acquired through ...
... consensus had emerged that speciation represented complete reproductive isolation of biological species, which could most likely be acquired through ...
Evolutionary Mismatch And What To Do About It: A Basic Tutorial
... academic and public policy communities that are not already well schooled in evolutionary science. Second, mismatch is an exceptionally relevant concept for our own species. The modern human environment is radically different from the environments we experienced as hunter-gatherers in small-scale so ...
... academic and public policy communities that are not already well schooled in evolutionary science. Second, mismatch is an exceptionally relevant concept for our own species. The modern human environment is radically different from the environments we experienced as hunter-gatherers in small-scale so ...
The Ecological Genetics of Homoploid Hybrid
... markers (reviewed by Coyne and Orr 2004; Rieseberg 1997). The majority of these studies involve plants, but several examples have recently been reported from invertebrates and fish. In all cases, there is some measure of ecological divergence between the hybrid and its progenitors, although the thor ...
... markers (reviewed by Coyne and Orr 2004; Rieseberg 1997). The majority of these studies involve plants, but several examples have recently been reported from invertebrates and fish. In all cases, there is some measure of ecological divergence between the hybrid and its progenitors, although the thor ...
Speciation genetics - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... et al. 2009; Phadnis & Orr 2009; Presgraves 2010). A somewhat special case of gene– gene interactions is given by mitonuclear interactions and may deserve some extra attention. Until lately, the effect of endosymbionts on speciation has received comparatively little attention and has largely focused ...
... et al. 2009; Phadnis & Orr 2009; Presgraves 2010). A somewhat special case of gene– gene interactions is given by mitonuclear interactions and may deserve some extra attention. Until lately, the effect of endosymbionts on speciation has received comparatively little attention and has largely focused ...
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology
... Eco-evolutionary feedbacks require that populations alter their environment (niche construction) and that those changes in the environment feed back to influence the subsequent evolution of the population. There is strong evidence that organisms influence their environment through predation, nutrien ...
... Eco-evolutionary feedbacks require that populations alter their environment (niche construction) and that those changes in the environment feed back to influence the subsequent evolution of the population. There is strong evidence that organisms influence their environment through predation, nutrien ...
Sympatric Speciation in Insects
... not necessarily connected to speciation (Singer et al. 1992). There is still disagreement over when, where, and how speciation by a host shift occurs. Three broad possibilities must be distinguished: sympatry, allopatry without a restriction in population size (vicariance), and allopatry with a peri ...
... not necessarily connected to speciation (Singer et al. 1992). There is still disagreement over when, where, and how speciation by a host shift occurs. Three broad possibilities must be distinguished: sympatry, allopatry without a restriction in population size (vicariance), and allopatry with a peri ...
... One of the main contributions made by Gaston Bachelard was the notion of an epistemological obstacle introduced in 1938 in The formation of the scientific mind, and defined by the author as “sluggishness and disturbances” that are intrinsic to the act of knowing. Bachelard contends that it is in ter ...
Punctuated equilibrium
Punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that once species appear in the fossil record they will become stable, showing little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history. This state is called stasis. When significant evolutionary change occurs, the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another. Punctuated equilibrium is commonly contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the belief that evolution generally occurs uniformly and by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages (called anagenesis). In this view, evolution is seen as generally smooth and continuous.In 1972, paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould published a landmark paper developing their theory and called it punctuated equilibria. Their paper built upon Ernst Mayr's model of geographic speciation, I. Michael Lerner's theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis, as well as their own empirical research. Eldredge and Gould proposed that the degree of gradualism commonly attributed to Charles Darwin is virtually nonexistent in the fossil record, and that stasis dominates the history of most fossil species.