AP Bio Evolution Study Guide (Ch 22-25)
... How do the various types of selection (stabilizing, directional, diversifying) affect the makeup of a population of organisms? Chapter 24: Origin of Species Be familiar with the major definitions of a species (especially know how the biological species concept was inaccurate and extrapolated on ...
... How do the various types of selection (stabilizing, directional, diversifying) affect the makeup of a population of organisms? Chapter 24: Origin of Species Be familiar with the major definitions of a species (especially know how the biological species concept was inaccurate and extrapolated on ...
Slideshow
... 3. Studied birds, tortoises and said some how adapt to their surroundings (adaptation- a feature that allows an organism to better survive in environment) ...
... 3. Studied birds, tortoises and said some how adapt to their surroundings (adaptation- a feature that allows an organism to better survive in environment) ...
Species Variation
... and common ancestry. Darwin proposed his theory of evolution in 1859 based on his observation in the Galapagos island. ...
... and common ancestry. Darwin proposed his theory of evolution in 1859 based on his observation in the Galapagos island. ...
The Theory of Evolution
... • Microevolution = evolutionary change below the level of species, and refers to changes in the frequency within a population or a species of its alleles (alternative genes) and their effects on the form, or phenotype, of organisms that make up that population or species. • Relatively short period o ...
... • Microevolution = evolutionary change below the level of species, and refers to changes in the frequency within a population or a species of its alleles (alternative genes) and their effects on the form, or phenotype, of organisms that make up that population or species. • Relatively short period o ...
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... ancestors. Example: Remnants of the pelvis and leg bones are found in some snakes. Molecular homologies are shared characteristics on the molecular level. Examples: All life forms use the same genetic language of DNA and RNA. _______ _______sequences coding for hemoglobin in primate species show gre ...
... ancestors. Example: Remnants of the pelvis and leg bones are found in some snakes. Molecular homologies are shared characteristics on the molecular level. Examples: All life forms use the same genetic language of DNA and RNA. _______ _______sequences coding for hemoglobin in primate species show gre ...
What is Evolution?
... 1. Organisms can change over generations. 2. Individuals with certain heritable traits produce more surviving offspring than others. 3. The result of natural selection is ...
... 1. Organisms can change over generations. 2. Individuals with certain heritable traits produce more surviving offspring than others. 3. The result of natural selection is ...
Section 1: Darwin`s Voyage
... The first, ______________, proposes that evolution occurs slowly but steadily (what Darwin thought) The second, ____________________________, states that species evolve during short periods of rapid change ...
... The first, ______________, proposes that evolution occurs slowly but steadily (what Darwin thought) The second, ____________________________, states that species evolve during short periods of rapid change ...
Darwin
... evolutionary relationships has led to the re-organization of the history of several species * can tell when species diverged from one another ...
... evolutionary relationships has led to the re-organization of the history of several species * can tell when species diverged from one another ...
Isolation and Gradualism
... Different environmental factors, thus having different selection pressures on each population. An example of this would be Darwin’s Finches, Australia’s marsupials. ...
... Different environmental factors, thus having different selection pressures on each population. An example of this would be Darwin’s Finches, Australia’s marsupials. ...
File
... –Was associated with alterations in Hox genes Most invertebrates have one cluster of homeotic genes (the Hox complex), shown here as colored bands on a chromosome. Hox genes direct development of major body parts. 2 A mutation (duplication) of the single Hox complex occurred about 520 million years ...
... –Was associated with alterations in Hox genes Most invertebrates have one cluster of homeotic genes (the Hox complex), shown here as colored bands on a chromosome. Hox genes direct development of major body parts. 2 A mutation (duplication) of the single Hox complex occurred about 520 million years ...
Evolution - Cobb Learning
... continents had each descended from different ancestors. • However, because some animals on each continent were living under similar ecological conditions, they were exposed to similar pressures of natural selection. • They ended up evolving certain striking features in common. • This is called Conve ...
... continents had each descended from different ancestors. • However, because some animals on each continent were living under similar ecological conditions, they were exposed to similar pressures of natural selection. • They ended up evolving certain striking features in common. • This is called Conve ...
test ch 15 16
... Each organism has different advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. These organisms pass their heritable traits to their offspring. Other individuals die or leave fewer offspring. This process ...
... Each organism has different advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. These organisms pass their heritable traits to their offspring. Other individuals die or leave fewer offspring. This process ...
AP Biology Chapter 22 Notes
... reached one island and then evolved into several new species as they colonized other islands in the archipelago. ...
... reached one island and then evolved into several new species as they colonized other islands in the archipelago. ...
Darwin`s Voyage
... and ______________________ in its specific environment. Fitness is a result of ________________. c. Individuals that are fit to their environment _____________ and leave more _______________ than those who aren’t. 5. _____________________ with ____________________: living species today are descended ...
... and ______________________ in its specific environment. Fitness is a result of ________________. c. Individuals that are fit to their environment _____________ and leave more _______________ than those who aren’t. 5. _____________________ with ____________________: living species today are descended ...
Speciation Reading
... Scientists studying evolutionary patterns discuss the occurrence of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium as two hypotheses that explain speciation. Gradualism is the hypothesis that evolution occurs over a slow and steady rate. This is the idea that Darwin propose in his theory of evolution. Specia ...
... Scientists studying evolutionary patterns discuss the occurrence of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium as two hypotheses that explain speciation. Gradualism is the hypothesis that evolution occurs over a slow and steady rate. This is the idea that Darwin propose in his theory of evolution. Specia ...
EVOLUTION AND CHARLES DARWIN
... Species generally are best suited for their environments. Individuals _____________ over resources when resources become limited. Individuals with slightly better _________________ would get more food and are more likely to _______________ and raise their young to _______________. Darwin's Fin ...
... Species generally are best suited for their environments. Individuals _____________ over resources when resources become limited. Individuals with slightly better _________________ would get more food and are more likely to _______________ and raise their young to _______________. Darwin's Fin ...
File
... Example: some snakes and whales have vestigial remains of pelvis & leg bones that were present in their walking ancestors ...
... Example: some snakes and whales have vestigial remains of pelvis & leg bones that were present in their walking ancestors ...
Natural Selection in Action
... ago during Ice Age); most highly endangered species due to habitat loss ...
... ago during Ice Age); most highly endangered species due to habitat loss ...
Theories of Natural Selection
... occurs when a change in the environment makes it infavorable to have ...
... occurs when a change in the environment makes it infavorable to have ...
Chapter 15 Evolution: Evidence and Theory
... - Scientists can directly estimate the number of nucleotide changes that have taken place in a gene since 2 species diverged from a common ancestor. They do this by comparing the exact nucleotide sequence of each species. o They construct a phylogenetic tree, which shows how organisms are related th ...
... - Scientists can directly estimate the number of nucleotide changes that have taken place in a gene since 2 species diverged from a common ancestor. They do this by comparing the exact nucleotide sequence of each species. o They construct a phylogenetic tree, which shows how organisms are related th ...
Lecture 2 History and Evidence for Evolution
... entities, but evolve over time. All species derive from very different species living in the past. This theory was not entirely new, but Darwin provided convincing evidence for it. 2. The primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection. Species change over time because bearers of different ...
... entities, but evolve over time. All species derive from very different species living in the past. This theory was not entirely new, but Darwin provided convincing evidence for it. 2. The primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection. Species change over time because bearers of different ...
Natural selection
... (physical appearance), not the genotype (genetic makeup) Ex: When a predator finds its prey, it is due to the prey’s physical characteristics, like color or slow speed, not the alleles (BB, Bb ...
... (physical appearance), not the genotype (genetic makeup) Ex: When a predator finds its prey, it is due to the prey’s physical characteristics, like color or slow speed, not the alleles (BB, Bb ...
Punctuated Equilibrium Model of Horse Evolution
... Scientists studying evolutionary patterns discuss the occurrence of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium as two hypotheses that explain speciation. Gradualism is the hypothesis that evolution occurs over a slow and steady rate. This is the idea that Darwin propose in his theory of evolution. Specia ...
... Scientists studying evolutionary patterns discuss the occurrence of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium as two hypotheses that explain speciation. Gradualism is the hypothesis that evolution occurs over a slow and steady rate. This is the idea that Darwin propose in his theory of evolution. Specia ...
variation
... Natural selection is a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. Heritability - ability of a trait to be passed down. Overpopulation and limited resources cause struggle ...
... Natural selection is a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. Heritability - ability of a trait to be passed down. Overpopulation and limited resources cause struggle ...
Evidence of common descent
Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades and has demonstrated common descent of all life on Earth developing from a last universal ancestor. This evidence explicates that evolution does occur, and is able to show the natural processes by which the biodiversity of life on Earth developed. Additionally, this evidence supports the modern evolutionary synthesis—the current scientific theory that explains how and why life changes over time. Evolutionary biologists document evidence of common descent by making testable predictions, testing hypotheses, and developing theories that illustrate and describe its causes.Comparison of the DNA genetic sequences of organisms has revealed that organisms that are phylogenetically close have a higher degree of DNA sequence similarity than organisms that are phylogenetically distant. Further evidence for common descent comes from genetic detritus such as pseudogenes, regions of DNA that are orthologous to a gene in a related organism, but are no longer active and appear to be undergoing a steady process of degeneration from cumulative mutations.Fossils are important for estimating when various lineages developed in geologic time. As fossilization is an uncommon occurrence, usually requiring hard body parts and death near a site where sediments are being deposited, the fossil record only provides sparse and intermittent information about the evolution of life. Scientific evidence of organisms prior to the development of hard body parts such as shells, bones and teeth is especially scarce, but exists in the form of ancient microfossils, as well as impressions of various soft-bodied organisms. The comparative study of the anatomy of groups of animals shows structural features that are fundamentally similar or homologous, demonstrating phylogenetic and ancestral relationships with other organisms, most especially when compared with fossils of ancient extinct organisms. Vestigial structures and comparisons in embryonic development are largely a contributing factor in anatomical resemblance in concordance with common descent. Since metabolic processes do not leave fossils, research into the evolution of the basic cellular processes is done largely by comparison of existing organisms' physiology and biochemistry. Many lineages diverged at different stages of development, so it is possible to determine when certain metabolic processes appeared by comparing the traits of the descendants of a common ancestor. Universal biochemical organization and molecular variance patterns in all organisms also show a direct correlation with common descent.Further evidence comes from the field of biogeography because evolution with common descent provides the best and most thorough explanation for a variety of facts concerning the geographical distribution of plants and animals across the world. This is especially obvious in the field of insular biogeography. Combined with the theory of plate tectonics common descent provides a way to combine facts about the current distribution of species with evidence from the fossil record to provide a logically consistent explanation of how the distribution of living organisms has changed over time.The development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria, like the spread of pesticide resistant forms of plants and insects provides evidence that evolution due to natural selection is an ongoing process in the natural world. Alongside this, are observed instances of the separation of populations of species into sets of new species (speciation). Speciation has been observed directly and indirectly in the lab and in nature. Multiple forms of such have been described and documented as examples for individual modes of speciation. Furthermore, evidence of common descent extends from direct laboratory experimentation with the selective breeding of organisms—historically and currently—and other controlled experiments involving many of the topics in the article. This article explains the different types of evidence for evolution with common descent along with many specialized examples of each.