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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

... leading to an increase in mortality, and a decrease in abundance [1,2]. In response, many researchers seek to identify mechanisms that may allow species and populations to persist under changed conditions [3,4]. As the primary mechanism for species persistence during environmental changes has been a ...
Evolutionary Mechanisims and Hardy
Evolutionary Mechanisims and Hardy

... 1. No natural selection at the gene in question. 2. No genetic drift or random allele frequency changes affecting the gene in question. 3. No gene flow. 4. No mutation. 5. Random mating. ►Be able to explain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the reason for each condition. Evolution is a process resu ...
Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality
Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality

... situation in which the possibility of strategic punishment was removed. They used a ten-round public goods game with costly punishment, employing three di!erent methods of assigning members to groups.# There were su$cient subjects to run between 10 and 18 groups simultaneously. Under the Personal tr ...
Environment, Development, and Evolution
Environment, Development, and Evolution

... done in ecological developmental biology, a new and more inclusive evolutionary theory is being forged. So far, eco-devo has contributed at least three components to this nascent evolutionary synthesis. These are the three concepts introduced in the first section of the textbook. The first concept i ...
FREE Sample Here
FREE Sample Here

... C) Organisms change by random chance. D) Heritable traits that promote reproduction become more frequent in a population from one generation to the next. Answer: D Topic: 13.13 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Learning Outcome: 13.10 36) Which of the following will tend to produce adaptive changes in ...
Population Genetics and Natural Selection
Population Genetics and Natural Selection

... …Between All Genotypes – Likely, at least one of these will not be met and allele frequencies will change. • Potential for evolutionary change in natural populations is very great. ...
Here - UIC Computer Science - University of Illinois at Chicago
Here - UIC Computer Science - University of Illinois at Chicago

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Evolution of Darwin`s finches caused by a rare climatic event

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EvoDevo and niche construction: building bridges
EvoDevo and niche construction: building bridges

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Possible consequences of genes of major effect: transient changes
Possible consequences of genes of major effect: transient changes

... of G-matrices that differ greatly in shape between closely related populations or species (Roff, 2000). While this approach contributes to our understanding of G-matrix stability, it provides only snapshots in time represented by the populations (and generations) examined. G-matrices that are presen ...
Natural Selection: Descent with Modification
Natural Selection: Descent with Modification

... many of those other systems the mutation affects. The end result is that iterated sequences of adaptive improvement will be vanishingly unlikely to arise. Hence Lewontin’s notion that developmental processes themselves need to be fairly isolated from each other if complex fitness-enhancing organs li ...
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Evolutionary rescue in vertebrates: evidence, applications and

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Evolutionary Game Theory First published Mon Jan 14, 2002
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... 1. Historical Development 2. Two Approaches to Evolutionary Game Theory 3. Why Evolutionary Game Theory? o 3.1 The equilibrium selection problem o 3.2 The problem of hyperrational agents o 3.3 The lack of a dynamical theory in the traditional theory of games 4. Philosophical Problems of Evolutionary ...
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Unit 2: Change and Diversity of Life

... Natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. ...
Paper  - Ran Blekhman
Paper - Ran Blekhman

... kidneys, and hearts from three species: humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. These data allowed us to identify genes and entire pathways in which regulation evolved under natural selection and therefore are likely to be functionally important. Our results provide some of the first examples of p ...
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... may or may not replace the old character, depending partly on chance; but if the same mutation recurs again and again, it will most probably replace the original character’’ (p. 132). However, Morgan’s mutation-selection theory or mutationism gradually became unpopular as the neo-Darwinism advocated ...
Scholarly Interest Report
Scholarly Interest Report

... My work aims to understand the development and evolution of intra-population individual differences in behavior, with a particular focus on social behaviors. Why do individuals of the same species develop dramatic differences in behavior? How is this diversity maintained in the face of selection and ...
Good Morning 9/28/15
Good Morning 9/28/15

...  example: If a giraffe stretched its neck for leaves, for example, a "nervous fluid" would flow into its neck and make it longer. Its offspring would inherit the longer neck, and continued stretching would ...
Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity
Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity

... level of selective percolation as the background to occasional episodes of secular evolutionary change. And here we also see selection entangled in a mesh of extensional complexity that it cannot be held responsible for having produced as a result of promoting the currently best organismic traits wi ...
Oatlands College Theory Book 1
Oatlands College Theory Book 1

... improve aerobic fitness by working in your aerobic target zone. This is found between 6080% of your MHR. You cross your aerobic threshold, the heart rate above which you gain aerobic fitness, at 60% of our MHR. You can improve your anaerobic fitness, which includes strength, power and muscular endur ...
Ecological genetics of floral evolution
Ecological genetics of floral evolution

... version of genetic covariances) result from pleiotropy (one gene locus affects variation in multiple traits) or gametic-phase disequilibrium (nonrandom association between alleles at distinct loci, each of which affect variation in one trait of interest). Such correlations have two important consequ ...
Evolutionary computing
Evolutionary computing

... Evolutionary Computing: the Basic Metaphor ...
Author`s personal copy
Author`s personal copy

... benefits’ also has confusing overlap with terminology used in inclusive fitness theory, so we suggest sticking to the term ‘genetic benefits’. As with any genetic effect, they are likely to be context dependent. Indirect fitness (inclusive fitness theory): the component of inclusive fitness gained b ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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