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genome structure and the benefit of sex
genome structure and the benefit of sex

... that may otherwise require several simultaneous point mutations (see Discussion). This might be particularly pertinent when diverse alleles evolved in different gene pools are being brought together in hybrid zones, but in this article our models work with a single population (see Discussion). Other ...
1 Possible consequences of genes of major effect
1 Possible consequences of genes of major effect

... depending on the shape of the surface. For surfaces that plateau, as is the case when a population moves toward an optimum, a GOME may move a population onto a flatter region of the selection surface. In this case, the amount of phenotypic change due to classical quantitative genetic background vari ...
Chapter 2 Resource: Traits and How They Change
Chapter 2 Resource: Traits and How They Change

... Laboratory Activity 1: Identifying Bean Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Laboratory Activity 2: How many plants can a pepper produce? . . . . 11 Foldables: Reading and Study Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ...
Pitchers et al resubmission to Phil Trans Feb2014
Pitchers et al resubmission to Phil Trans Feb2014

... across trait types and taxa. We find evidence that sexual traits evolve faster than other ...
(2009) Trends in Microbiology. - Why Microbial Evolutionary
(2009) Trends in Microbiology. - Why Microbial Evolutionary

... to reveal that genes involved in immunity and sensory perception played a key part in differentiating primates and rodents [8]. Genes acting in the same biochemical pathway were also found to undergo positive selection together (a finding we reported previously in bacteria [9]). Genome-wide scans fo ...
Perspective Evolution Is an Experiment
Perspective Evolution Is an Experiment

... that are organized within a single row. Maize typically produces a single ear per plant, but teosinte produces several inflorescences per plant. Maize typically lacks lateral branches, but branching can be extensive in teosintes. In fact, teosinte is so morphologically distinct from maize that the i ...
Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al
Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al

... D) Organisms compete for limited resources. Answer: A Topic: 13.6 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Learning Outcome: 13.2 12) Which of the following thinkers argued that much of human suffering was the result of human populations increasing faster than food supply, an argument that later influenced Ch ...
Why Do Animals Survive or Die?
Why Do Animals Survive or Die?

... die off, leaving the strongest with the rewards. When scientists are talking about living things and natural selection, there are a few key terms that are used in order to make things easier. The individuals that have characteristics which make them stronger than the others are the advantaged offspr ...
Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A
Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A

... D) unlimited resources that support population growth in most natural environments. E) lack of genetic variation among all members of a population. Answer: B Topic: Concept 22.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 24) During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving most ...
adaptations, genetic variation and natural selection
adaptations, genetic variation and natural selection

... mache. The actual building of the birds can take several weeks depending how detailed the birds become. After the birds are completed, students write a paper describing their bird and its specific adaptations. Each bird should also be presented to the class. Week 5: Students are introduced to the su ...
The evolutionary links between fixed and variable traits - AGRO
The evolutionary links between fixed and variable traits - AGRO

... The first is natural selection alone: the only survivors will be those with the correct match among traits. This can only be a sufficient solution in a population with high fecundity, for it implies low juvenile survival. It also generates strong selection for more efficient solutions. The second is ...
Chapter 10 The Theory of Evolution
Chapter 10 The Theory of Evolution

... central to scientific exploration as ever, and has been called the unifying concept of all biology. Is evolution continuing today? Of course it is. QUEST follows researchers who are still unlocking the mysteries of evolution, including entomologist David Kavanaugh of the California Academy of Science ...
View/Open - Rice Scholarship Home
View/Open - Rice Scholarship Home

... needs, of means to ends, have ever been and still are the greatest problems of biology. From the time of the early Greek philosophers to the present day, the mystery of life has centered to a large extent in this great problem of how organisms came to be so marvelously adapted, in structures and fun ...
Natural Selection Causes Evolution
Natural Selection Causes Evolution

... 2. Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring 3. Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive 4. Survival and reproduction are not random © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
CHAPTER 2 Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory
CHAPTER 2 Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory

... 5. Why is Linnaeus’s taxonomic system called a “nested hierarchy”? Considering that Linnaeus was not an evolutionist, why is his system still used today by evolutionary biologists? ANS: Linnaeus organized species into ever more inclusive higher-order taxonomic groups based on overall similarity. So ...
FREE Sample Here
FREE Sample Here

... 5. Why is Linnaeus’s taxonomic system called a “nested hierarchy”? Considering that Linnaeus was not an evolutionist, why is his system still used today by evolutionary biologists? ANS: Linnaeus organized species into ever more inclusive higher-order taxonomic groups based on overall similarity. So ...
Apomictic Parthenogenesis and the Pattern of the
Apomictic Parthenogenesis and the Pattern of the

... (where M is mutation rate), the main selective advantage of triploidy and tetraploidy rather seems to be their initially high degree of heterozygosity (and thus heterosis). This explanation is supported by the fact that of the 54 apomictic "races" and "species" of weevils studied, not more than two ...
Chapter 2—Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory
Chapter 2—Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory

... 5. Why is Linnaeus’s taxonomic system called a “nested hierarchy”? Considering that Linnaeus was not an evolutionist, why is his system still used today by evolutionary biologists? ANS: Linnaeus organized species into ever more inclusive higher-order taxonomic groups based on overall similarity. So ...
Effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and
Effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and

... Box 2 | Using the Wright–Fisher model to describe genetic drift Consider the effects of genetic drift on selectively neutral variants, assuming that the population is closed (there is no migration from elsewhere) and panmictic. We also ignore the possibility of mutation. Assume that there are two al ...
Evolution of Genetic Variance-Covariance Structure
Evolution of Genetic Variance-Covariance Structure

... One of the features of organisms that makes the study of biology so compelling is their apparent complexity. Molecular, cellular, developmental, physiological, neurological, and behavioral systems are each fascinating in and of themselves, but it is their interaction that generates what we see as th ...
Adaptive Behavior - Psychology Today
Adaptive Behavior - Psychology Today

... that even “perfect” assortative mating by attractiveness rank does not imply perfect assortative mating by signal investment, much less by actual condition or genetic quality. Each mated pair produces the same number of offspring, by default set to 4. The standardized death rate means that, on avera ...
Can sexual selection theory inform genetic management of captive
Can sexual selection theory inform genetic management of captive

... was emphasized that the zoo community carefully considers mate choice implications for captive breeding (Asa et al. 2011). The zoo community is becoming increasingly interested in this discussion, especially when faced with reproductive failure of breeding pairs due to mate incompatibility or aggres ...
Conservation and co-option in developmental programmes: the
Conservation and co-option in developmental programmes: the

... conceptual frameworks have emerged from evo-devo research to supplement those of traditional evolutionary ...
Conservation and co-option in developmental programmes: the
Conservation and co-option in developmental programmes: the

... conceptual frameworks have emerged from evo-devo research to supplement those of traditional evolutionary ...
Review of P. Godfrey-Smith`s Darwinian populations and natural
Review of P. Godfrey-Smith`s Darwinian populations and natural

... most striking example is that of replicators. In contrast with many (Dawkins, Hull, Sterelny...), PGS claims that ENS does not require replicators (faithfully copied entities), but only that reproduction leads to parent-offspring similarity. This similarity can take the form of a faithful ‘copying’, ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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