The eukaryotic genome: a system regulated at different hierarchical
... How are gene clusters regulated? At least three classes of genomic element should be involved in the control of cell-typespecific expression of gene clusters. First, a cluster-control element that is responsible for switching the genomic domain between its active and inactive state should be present ...
... How are gene clusters regulated? At least three classes of genomic element should be involved in the control of cell-typespecific expression of gene clusters. First, a cluster-control element that is responsible for switching the genomic domain between its active and inactive state should be present ...
slides
... • Sequence preferences is over-ridden by nucleosome remodeling complexes which move them to new locations whenever needed. • Opposing view: the remodeling complexes only enable the nucleosomes to sample rapidly alternative positions and therefore compete efficiently with DNA binding proteins. They d ...
... • Sequence preferences is over-ridden by nucleosome remodeling complexes which move them to new locations whenever needed. • Opposing view: the remodeling complexes only enable the nucleosomes to sample rapidly alternative positions and therefore compete efficiently with DNA binding proteins. They d ...
Erythematosus The Epigenetic Face of Systemic Lupus
... Two major groups of changes contribute to defining the epigenome of a cell: DNA methylation and histone modifications. The most common form of DNA methylation occurs at the 5⬘ position of cytosine in the context of CpG dinucleotides, which are unevenly distributed throughout the genome. Particularly ...
... Two major groups of changes contribute to defining the epigenome of a cell: DNA methylation and histone modifications. The most common form of DNA methylation occurs at the 5⬘ position of cytosine in the context of CpG dinucleotides, which are unevenly distributed throughout the genome. Particularly ...
Structure-Function Relationship in DNA sequence Recognition by
... Transcription factors play essential role in the gene regulation in higher organisms, binding to multiple target sequences and regulating multiple genes in a complex manner. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of target recognition, and to predict target genes for transcription factors at ...
... Transcription factors play essential role in the gene regulation in higher organisms, binding to multiple target sequences and regulating multiple genes in a complex manner. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of target recognition, and to predict target genes for transcription factors at ...
Chapter Eleven: Chromosome Structure and Transposable Elements
... heterochromatic regions and are rarely transcribed. Moderately repetitive DNA comprises transposons and remnants of transposons. Again, with the exception of the rDNA cluster, these sequences are rarely transcribed or transcribed at low levels. The most actively transcribed genes occur as single-cop ...
... heterochromatic regions and are rarely transcribed. Moderately repetitive DNA comprises transposons and remnants of transposons. Again, with the exception of the rDNA cluster, these sequences are rarely transcribed or transcribed at low levels. The most actively transcribed genes occur as single-cop ...
Drugs and addiction: an introduction to epigenetics
... The reversible regulation of gene expression mediated principally through changes in DNA methylation, chromatin structure and small interfering RNA (siRNA) Chromatin existing in an activated open state that permits the access of the cells’ transcriptional machinery to DNA, promoting gene expression ...
... The reversible regulation of gene expression mediated principally through changes in DNA methylation, chromatin structure and small interfering RNA (siRNA) Chromatin existing in an activated open state that permits the access of the cells’ transcriptional machinery to DNA, promoting gene expression ...
Mixed questions
... 18. Gene expression can be regulated at the levels of transcription and translation. Discuss each with respect to energy efficiency of each mechanism. 19. Define the following terms: (a) operon (b) promoter (c) regulator (d) inducer (e) repressor (f) terminator (g) operator 20. What is autogenous re ...
... 18. Gene expression can be regulated at the levels of transcription and translation. Discuss each with respect to energy efficiency of each mechanism. 19. Define the following terms: (a) operon (b) promoter (c) regulator (d) inducer (e) repressor (f) terminator (g) operator 20. What is autogenous re ...
PDF of article
... consistent with previous reports that PvuRts1I belongs to the PD-(D/E)XK superfamily of endonucleases (Bujnicki & Rychlewski, 2001). However, part of the putative active site (amino-acid residues 71–76) was not visible in the electrondensity map and could not be modelled, and may be highly flexible ...
... consistent with previous reports that PvuRts1I belongs to the PD-(D/E)XK superfamily of endonucleases (Bujnicki & Rychlewski, 2001). However, part of the putative active site (amino-acid residues 71–76) was not visible in the electrondensity map and could not be modelled, and may be highly flexible ...
Isolation and characterisation of the subunit of the SNF1
... detected in the presence of StubSNF1 or StubGAL83 pairwaised with empty vectors. To confirm the direct interaction between StubSNF1 and StubGAL83, bacterially expressed fusion proteins were used for in vitro binding experiment. StubSNF1 was expressed as a GST fusion protein. The isolated and re-immo ...
... detected in the presence of StubSNF1 or StubGAL83 pairwaised with empty vectors. To confirm the direct interaction between StubSNF1 and StubGAL83, bacterially expressed fusion proteins were used for in vitro binding experiment. StubSNF1 was expressed as a GST fusion protein. The isolated and re-immo ...
Mapping the histone code at hMLH1. - JScholarship
... segregation (Nowak and Corces, 2004). Histone acetylation is the most studied histone modification. The tails of H3 and H4 can be acetylated at particular lysine residues and these histones are found at euchromatic regions of the genome and at actively transcribed genes (Hake et al., 2004). Methylat ...
... segregation (Nowak and Corces, 2004). Histone acetylation is the most studied histone modification. The tails of H3 and H4 can be acetylated at particular lysine residues and these histones are found at euchromatic regions of the genome and at actively transcribed genes (Hake et al., 2004). Methylat ...
Chromatin regulates origin activity in Drosophila follicle cells
... genomic replication that normally occurs before stage 10B. In most cells that incorporated BrdU, however, we could not detect a significant increase in DNA content, suggesting that ongoing replication had not resulted in a full reduplication of the genome. Similar cell–cell variation has been noted ...
... genomic replication that normally occurs before stage 10B. In most cells that incorporated BrdU, however, we could not detect a significant increase in DNA content, suggesting that ongoing replication had not resulted in a full reduplication of the genome. Similar cell–cell variation has been noted ...
1 Biological information flow
... Many primary transcripts must be further processed to be active. Such transcripts include: tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in eukaryotes Types of transcript processing 1. removal of nucleotides 2. addition of nucleotides 3. covalent modification of nucleotides Thus, in some cases the mature transcript includes ...
... Many primary transcripts must be further processed to be active. Such transcripts include: tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in eukaryotes Types of transcript processing 1. removal of nucleotides 2. addition of nucleotides 3. covalent modification of nucleotides Thus, in some cases the mature transcript includes ...
Chapter 24: Promoters and Enhancers
... – is part of a conserved sequence that may be located upstream of the start points of eukaryotic transcription units; – it is recognized by a large group of transcription factors. – CAAT enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) ...
... – is part of a conserved sequence that may be located upstream of the start points of eukaryotic transcription units; – it is recognized by a large group of transcription factors. – CAAT enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) ...
Biological information flow
... Many primary transcripts must be further processed to be active. Such transcripts include: tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in eukaryotes Types of transcript processing 1. removal of nucleotides 2. addition of nucleotides 3. covalent modification of nucleotides Thus, in some cases the mature transcript includes ...
... Many primary transcripts must be further processed to be active. Such transcripts include: tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in eukaryotes Types of transcript processing 1. removal of nucleotides 2. addition of nucleotides 3. covalent modification of nucleotides Thus, in some cases the mature transcript includes ...
A common mechanism for ATP hydrolysis in ABC transporter and
... Cα atoms of 3.4 Å and 2.6 Å, respectively (Table 1). Interestingly, the next two structural neighbours identified by the search were the RecA protein and the helicase domain of the bacteriophage T7 helicase–primase with Z scores of 7.4 and 8.3, and rmsd values of 3.3 Å and 3.6 Å, respectively. The s ...
... Cα atoms of 3.4 Å and 2.6 Å, respectively (Table 1). Interestingly, the next two structural neighbours identified by the search were the RecA protein and the helicase domain of the bacteriophage T7 helicase–primase with Z scores of 7.4 and 8.3, and rmsd values of 3.3 Å and 3.6 Å, respectively. The s ...
Leukaemia Section t(11;11)(q13;q23) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... DNA/RNA 36 exons, multiple transcripts 13-15 kb. Protein 3969 amino acids; 431 kDa; contains two DNA binding motifs (a AT hook and a CXXC domain), a DNA methyl transferase motif, a bromodomain. MLL is cleaved by taspase 1 into 2 proteins before entering the nucleus, called MLL-N and MLL-C. The FYRN ...
... DNA/RNA 36 exons, multiple transcripts 13-15 kb. Protein 3969 amino acids; 431 kDa; contains two DNA binding motifs (a AT hook and a CXXC domain), a DNA methyl transferase motif, a bromodomain. MLL is cleaved by taspase 1 into 2 proteins before entering the nucleus, called MLL-N and MLL-C. The FYRN ...
letters The homing endonuclease I-CreI uses three metals
... encoded by open reading frames in genetically mobile introns or inteins1–4. They have been identified in unicellular eukaryotes, Archaea and eubacteria1–4. These proteins cleave long DNA target sites (14–40 bp) in homologous alleles that lack the intron or intein. The cleavage event initiates the tr ...
... encoded by open reading frames in genetically mobile introns or inteins1–4. They have been identified in unicellular eukaryotes, Archaea and eubacteria1–4. These proteins cleave long DNA target sites (14–40 bp) in homologous alleles that lack the intron or intein. The cleavage event initiates the tr ...
Transcription Factors (from Wray et al Mol Biol Evol 20:1377)
... are indicated by triangles and numbered (1 to 3) based on those present in the bHLH region of PIF3, which is shown at top. When the position of the intron coincides with that found in PIF3, the intron number is given above the triangle. For patterns F, G, and H, no intron number above the triangle i ...
... are indicated by triangles and numbered (1 to 3) based on those present in the bHLH region of PIF3, which is shown at top. When the position of the intron coincides with that found in PIF3, the intron number is given above the triangle. For patterns F, G, and H, no intron number above the triangle i ...
The Homologous Drosophila Transcriptional Adaptors ADA2a and
... yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the basis of the finding that mutations affecting them confer resistance to toxicity mediated by high-level expression of the GAL4-VP16 fusion protein (7). Yeast ADA proteins play a role in transcriptional initiation site selection, interact with basal transcripti ...
... yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the basis of the finding that mutations affecting them confer resistance to toxicity mediated by high-level expression of the GAL4-VP16 fusion protein (7). Yeast ADA proteins play a role in transcriptional initiation site selection, interact with basal transcripti ...
WNT targets - Stanford University
... components1; gene-specific repressors bind to regulatory sequences and repress gene expression by interacting with components of the transcriptional machinery. When cells enter a developmental program and start to express specific genes, repression is relieved. At a global level, chromatin undergoes ...
... components1; gene-specific repressors bind to regulatory sequences and repress gene expression by interacting with components of the transcriptional machinery. When cells enter a developmental program and start to express specific genes, repression is relieved. At a global level, chromatin undergoes ...
Nucleic Acids and Chromatin
... V. Nucleic acid - protein interactions. A large number of proteins interact with nucleic acids. These interactions are essential for the proper expression of the information that is encoded by DNA and mRNA and for the functions of other RNAs such as rRNA, tRNA and snRNA. A. Some proteins bind to DNA ...
... V. Nucleic acid - protein interactions. A large number of proteins interact with nucleic acids. These interactions are essential for the proper expression of the information that is encoded by DNA and mRNA and for the functions of other RNAs such as rRNA, tRNA and snRNA. A. Some proteins bind to DNA ...
Introduction - Trimbos
... Endophenotypes (intermediate phenotypes) are “measurable components unseen by the unaided eye along the pathway between disease and distal genotype” (Gottesman & Gould, 2003) ...
... Endophenotypes (intermediate phenotypes) are “measurable components unseen by the unaided eye along the pathway between disease and distal genotype” (Gottesman & Gould, 2003) ...
Epigenetics - the Houpt Lab
... Proteins with methyl-binding domains bind to methylated DNA and associate with other cofactors, such as HDACs or transcription factors like CREB, to alter gene expression. It is presently unclear whether the specific combination of CpG methylation marks constitutes a ‘‘code’’ for unique outcomes or ...
... Proteins with methyl-binding domains bind to methylated DNA and associate with other cofactors, such as HDACs or transcription factors like CREB, to alter gene expression. It is presently unclear whether the specific combination of CpG methylation marks constitutes a ‘‘code’’ for unique outcomes or ...
Chapter 19 (Eukaryotic Genome)
... • To initiate transcription – Eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires the assistance of proteins called: • transcription factors ...
... • To initiate transcription – Eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires the assistance of proteins called: • transcription factors ...
Example-Abstract
... biochemical analysis and find it to be the same as described before by genetic studies. Human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNASEH2A/Rnh201p subunits contain the catalytic center and are similar to each other and to prokaryotic RNase HII, which is functionally active as a single polypeptide. Although ...
... biochemical analysis and find it to be the same as described before by genetic studies. Human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNASEH2A/Rnh201p subunits contain the catalytic center and are similar to each other and to prokaryotic RNase HII, which is functionally active as a single polypeptide. Although ...
Histone acetyltransferase
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine. DNA is wrapped around histones, and, by transferring an acetyl group to the histones, genes can be turned on and off. In general, histone acetylation increases gene expression.In general, histone acetylation is linked to transcriptional activation and associated with euchromatin. When it was first discovered, it was thought that acetylation of lysine neutralizes the positive charge normally present, thus reducing affinity between histone and (negatively charged) DNA, which renders DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Research has emerged, since, to show that lysine acetylation and other posttranslational modifications of histones generate binding sites for specific protein–protein interaction domains, such as the acetyllysine-binding bromodomain. Histone acetyltransferases can also acetylate non-histone proteins, such as nuclear receptors and other transcription factors to facilitate gene expression.