Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change
... Unless emissions are curbed, climate change will bring high costs for human development, economies and the ...
... Unless emissions are curbed, climate change will bring high costs for human development, economies and the ...
a critical error
... These temperature rises far exceed the warming projected by other studies that have analysed the INDCs. For instance, the International Energy Agency (2015) and Gütschow et al. (2015) have both projected that they would lead to a warming of 2.7°C by 2100. Indeed, both INDC scenarios described by Lom ...
... These temperature rises far exceed the warming projected by other studies that have analysed the INDCs. For instance, the International Energy Agency (2015) and Gütschow et al. (2015) have both projected that they would lead to a warming of 2.7°C by 2100. Indeed, both INDC scenarios described by Lom ...
Course_609_lecture_1 (Jan 18, 2017)
... Quasi-option value – (in the context of irreversibility and uncertainty) • Costs and benefits are not known with certainty, but uncertainty can be reduced by gathering information. • Any decision made now and which commits resources or generates costs that cannot subsequently be recovered or reverse ...
... Quasi-option value – (in the context of irreversibility and uncertainty) • Costs and benefits are not known with certainty, but uncertainty can be reduced by gathering information. • Any decision made now and which commits resources or generates costs that cannot subsequently be recovered or reverse ...
Overcoming the Copenhagen Failure with Flexible Commitments
... Inevitably, if there is to be an agreement, the world will have to decide on some principles of allocation— a formula. The debate will focus on the terms of the allocation formula. Kyoto seemed based on a principle that worked imperfectly among developed countries, but will simply not work when deve ...
... Inevitably, if there is to be an agreement, the world will have to decide on some principles of allocation— a formula. The debate will focus on the terms of the allocation formula. Kyoto seemed based on a principle that worked imperfectly among developed countries, but will simply not work when deve ...
PDF
... in precipitation patterns as well as a general warming trend, there are significant risks for agriculture.2 If human activity does turn out to have a significant causal effect on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol and other related multilateral environmental agreements appear to have the potential t ...
... in precipitation patterns as well as a general warming trend, there are significant risks for agriculture.2 If human activity does turn out to have a significant causal effect on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol and other related multilateral environmental agreements appear to have the potential t ...
Hot Cities: battle-ground for Climate CHange - UN
... influence the total and per capita CO2 emissions of urban areas: • A city’s geographic situation — influencing the amount of energy required for heating, cooling and lighting; • Demographics — the size of the population influences the demand for space and services; • Urban form and density — spra ...
... influence the total and per capita CO2 emissions of urban areas: • A city’s geographic situation — influencing the amount of energy required for heating, cooling and lighting; • Demographics — the size of the population influences the demand for space and services; • Urban form and density — spra ...
the pdf
... to link greenhouse gas emissions to consumers. The data on emissions are for nations, and are not tied to consumption but to where the emissions take place. This is misleading because it means that greenhouse gas emissions are allocated to the nations that produce the goods, not the consumers. So if ...
... to link greenhouse gas emissions to consumers. The data on emissions are for nations, and are not tied to consumption but to where the emissions take place. This is misleading because it means that greenhouse gas emissions are allocated to the nations that produce the goods, not the consumers. So if ...
question proforma (Word) - Committee on Climate Change
... Percentage reductions would be less affected by these revisions, but targets on a percentage basis are less strongly linked to the best scientific estimates of the absolute level of emissions, which are the fundamental driver of climate change. When the current 2009 Act was set annual absolute targe ...
... Percentage reductions would be less affected by these revisions, but targets on a percentage basis are less strongly linked to the best scientific estimates of the absolute level of emissions, which are the fundamental driver of climate change. When the current 2009 Act was set annual absolute targe ...
Section 115 of the Clean Air Act
... need for immediate and significant action, call for a well-coordinated, comprehensive national program to reduce GHG emissions. The success of the recent climate negotiations in Paris provides a strong basis for invoking a powerful tool available to help achieve the country’s climate change goals: S ...
... need for immediate and significant action, call for a well-coordinated, comprehensive national program to reduce GHG emissions. The success of the recent climate negotiations in Paris provides a strong basis for invoking a powerful tool available to help achieve the country’s climate change goals: S ...
2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
... Chapter 8 Other Product Manufacture and Use ...
... Chapter 8 Other Product Manufacture and Use ...
Range of reductions for Annex 1
... • To avoid some of the most extreme impacts of climate change, increase in global mean temperature needs to be limited to no more than 2 – 3 deg C • This requires stabilisation below about 560 ppm CO2e ...
... • To avoid some of the most extreme impacts of climate change, increase in global mean temperature needs to be limited to no more than 2 – 3 deg C • This requires stabilisation below about 560 ppm CO2e ...
Emissions Pathways to Avoid Dangerous Climate Change A Trans Atlantic View
... for some time. It would then still be possible to reach the long-term target by limiting this overshooting to a period of several decades, although significant environmental consequences may result. How can a turnaround in global emissions be achieved? To address this question, it is important to no ...
... for some time. It would then still be possible to reach the long-term target by limiting this overshooting to a period of several decades, although significant environmental consequences may result. How can a turnaround in global emissions be achieved? To address this question, it is important to no ...
General Agreement on Climate Change
... have pledged to reduce their emissions by 1 unit a year. Six countries have made larger commitments. The United Kingdom, France, and Russia have pledged 2 units of reduction per year. Germany had pledged 4 units, Japan 5 units and the United ...
... have pledged to reduce their emissions by 1 unit a year. Six countries have made larger commitments. The United Kingdom, France, and Russia have pledged 2 units of reduction per year. Germany had pledged 4 units, Japan 5 units and the United ...
Mexico - Climate Transparency
... performance declined. Experts say energy policies are not aligned with the emissions reduction targets set by the Climate Change Law and the INDC. While Mexico strongly supports the fossil fuel sector, the CCPI still rates it well relative to other countries. ...
... performance declined. Experts say energy policies are not aligned with the emissions reduction targets set by the Climate Change Law and the INDC. While Mexico strongly supports the fossil fuel sector, the CCPI still rates it well relative to other countries. ...
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... Abstract: Can really global coordination on policy measures halting or reducing global warming succeed? Or should each country take measures to protect itself against the consequences of climate change? The forces driving global warming – population growth, economic development, need for cheap energ ...
... Abstract: Can really global coordination on policy measures halting or reducing global warming succeed? Or should each country take measures to protect itself against the consequences of climate change? The forces driving global warming – population growth, economic development, need for cheap energ ...
Summary Slide
... projects relating to capacity building, adaptation, tech transfer, climate change mitigation, economic diversification for countries highly dependent on fossil fuel ...
... projects relating to capacity building, adaptation, tech transfer, climate change mitigation, economic diversification for countries highly dependent on fossil fuel ...
Carbon Credits for Methane Collection and Combustion - NCSU-BAE
... industry or country are capped by law or agreement, and carbon credits can be traded between businesses or sold in trading markets. Those producers who exceed their emission reductions can trade their credits to others in the marketplace who have not reached their emission goals. Voluntary markets e ...
... industry or country are capped by law or agreement, and carbon credits can be traded between businesses or sold in trading markets. Those producers who exceed their emission reductions can trade their credits to others in the marketplace who have not reached their emission goals. Voluntary markets e ...
Climate Change: An Indian Perspective
... emission convergence and equitable allocation of the global atmospheric resources. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) accepted at Rio annex 1 countries (A1Cs) were required to bring their emissions to 1990 level by the year 2000. This very modest target was not ...
... emission convergence and equitable allocation of the global atmospheric resources. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) accepted at Rio annex 1 countries (A1Cs) were required to bring their emissions to 1990 level by the year 2000. This very modest target was not ...
Slide 1
... • Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are growing x4 faster since 2000 than during the previous decade, and above the worst case emission scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). • Less Developed Countries are now emitting more carbon than Developed Countries. • The carbon intensity ...
... • Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are growing x4 faster since 2000 than during the previous decade, and above the worst case emission scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). • Less Developed Countries are now emitting more carbon than Developed Countries. • The carbon intensity ...
PPT - Global Carbon Project
... Clare Enright (Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom) Pierre Friedlingstein (University of Exeter, United Kingdom) Chris Huntingford (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), United Kingdom) Atul Jain (Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Univer ...
... Clare Enright (Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom) Pierre Friedlingstein (University of Exeter, United Kingdom) Chris Huntingford (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), United Kingdom) Atul Jain (Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Univer ...
10584_2012_414_MOESM1_ESM
... The assessment of climate outcomes used the MAGICC model (version 4.1, Wigley and Raper, 2001) with an updated tuning as used in Lowe et al. (2009). The MAGICC model is a simple climate model; an upwelling diffusion energy-balance model connected to carbon and other gas cycle models, which can be tu ...
... The assessment of climate outcomes used the MAGICC model (version 4.1, Wigley and Raper, 2001) with an updated tuning as used in Lowe et al. (2009). The MAGICC model is a simple climate model; an upwelling diffusion energy-balance model connected to carbon and other gas cycle models, which can be tu ...
Names of attorneys
... Natural Resources Defense Council Hearing on Rebalancing the Carbon Cycle, before the Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on Energy and Resources, U.S. House of Representatives (September 27, 2006) ...
... Natural Resources Defense Council Hearing on Rebalancing the Carbon Cycle, before the Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on Energy and Resources, U.S. House of Representatives (September 27, 2006) ...
`Electricity Sector Analysis for Federated States of Micronesia`s
... FSM does not see this INDC as the vehicle to address its adaptation needs in the post 2020 context, even if these need careful consideration and assessment. Such assessments are being made in the context of the Nation Wide Integrated Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Policy 2013 and the FS ...
... FSM does not see this INDC as the vehicle to address its adaptation needs in the post 2020 context, even if these need careful consideration and assessment. Such assessments are being made in the context of the Nation Wide Integrated Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Policy 2013 and the FS ...
GWP and Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
... CH4 is 310 tons x 21 = 6,510 tons CO2E. Emitting 310 tons of CH4 would thus be considered to result in the same cumulative warming over the next 100 years as emitting 6,510 tons of CO2. While the 100-year time horizon GWPs shown in Table 1 are the most commonly used, GWPs based on cumulative warming ...
... CH4 is 310 tons x 21 = 6,510 tons CO2E. Emitting 310 tons of CH4 would thus be considered to result in the same cumulative warming over the next 100 years as emitting 6,510 tons of CO2. While the 100-year time horizon GWPs shown in Table 1 are the most commonly used, GWPs based on cumulative warming ...
Are Carbon Dioxide Emissions Rising More Rapidly Than Expected?
... Normal inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of actual energy use and resulting CO2 emissions would be expected to produce yearly emission values that fall both above and below multi-year averages. For example, although recent economic growth in China and India may have been higher than project ...
... Normal inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of actual energy use and resulting CO2 emissions would be expected to produce yearly emission values that fall both above and below multi-year averages. For example, although recent economic growth in China and India may have been higher than project ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.