Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural
... from Sutkus et al. [2001] and assuming a POC/BC emission ratio of 1:1. Those from shipping were estimated by dividing the gridded monthly sulfur shipping emission rate from Corbett et al. [1999], which totaled 4.24 Tg S/a by 29.5 g S/kg fuel [Corbett and Koehler, 2003, Table 1, for 1999 data] and mu ...
... from Sutkus et al. [2001] and assuming a POC/BC emission ratio of 1:1. Those from shipping were estimated by dividing the gridded monthly sulfur shipping emission rate from Corbett et al. [1999], which totaled 4.24 Tg S/a by 29.5 g S/kg fuel [Corbett and Koehler, 2003, Table 1, for 1999 data] and mu ...
here
... from 71.8 to 52.0 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e).18 This represents an average reduction of 1.5 per cent each year.19 Ten per cent of this overall fall occurred during 2009, when emissions fell by 2.1 MtCO2e. This may be linked to reduced economic activity associated with the r ...
... from 71.8 to 52.0 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e).18 This represents an average reduction of 1.5 per cent each year.19 Ten per cent of this overall fall occurred during 2009, when emissions fell by 2.1 MtCO2e. This may be linked to reduced economic activity associated with the r ...
Clearing the Air on Oilsands Emissions
... even come close to meeting in 201116). This regulation requires all facilities emitting more than 100,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year to reduce their emissions intensities by up to17 12 percent relative to a three-year facility baseline.18 Currently, the SGER is the main greenhouse gas reducti ...
... even come close to meeting in 201116). This regulation requires all facilities emitting more than 100,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year to reduce their emissions intensities by up to17 12 percent relative to a three-year facility baseline.18 Currently, the SGER is the main greenhouse gas reducti ...
The scientific and international context for the fifth
... the end of 2015, on the level of the UK’s fifth carbon budget. The budget will set the limit on the amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the UK between 2028 and 2032. The fifth budget marks the halfway point from the first budget (2008-12) to the UK’s 2050 target to reduce greenhouse ga ...
... the end of 2015, on the level of the UK’s fifth carbon budget. The budget will set the limit on the amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the UK between 2028 and 2032. The fifth budget marks the halfway point from the first budget (2008-12) to the UK’s 2050 target to reduce greenhouse ga ...
The Kyoto Protocol, Citizens` Suits under the Clean Air Act, and the
... proposed international environmental treaty obligation in history, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," (Protocol).5 Protocol drafters called for a five percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions 6 in industrialized countries, based on their 1990 stati ...
... proposed international environmental treaty obligation in history, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," (Protocol).5 Protocol drafters called for a five percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions 6 in industrialized countries, based on their 1990 stati ...
Paper - IIOA!
... between GHG sources, GHG emissions, global warming and its climatic consequences. This allows us to foresee various future scenarios, based on which we can assess, from an economic perspective, the possible consequences of climate change and the alternative options for adaptation and mitigation poli ...
... between GHG sources, GHG emissions, global warming and its climatic consequences. This allows us to foresee various future scenarios, based on which we can assess, from an economic perspective, the possible consequences of climate change and the alternative options for adaptation and mitigation poli ...
Aviation and Climate Change – the continuing
... Aviation’s economic importance is regularly cited as a key reason to avoid stringent CO2 mitigation (Wood, Bows and Anderson 2012). Another argument can be attached to its role in connecting nations at different stages of development. The sector’s growth rate, coupled with few options for reducing ...
... Aviation’s economic importance is regularly cited as a key reason to avoid stringent CO2 mitigation (Wood, Bows and Anderson 2012). Another argument can be attached to its role in connecting nations at different stages of development. The sector’s growth rate, coupled with few options for reducing ...
2004 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure
... animal feed, manure management practices, duration of waste management and environmental conditions [3,11]. High N2 O emissions are related to high intake of feed with high nitrogen concentration. N2 O emissions depend on the amount of oxygen and moisture level of the managed manure [6,7]. Manure st ...
... animal feed, manure management practices, duration of waste management and environmental conditions [3,11]. High N2 O emissions are related to high intake of feed with high nitrogen concentration. N2 O emissions depend on the amount of oxygen and moisture level of the managed manure [6,7]. Manure st ...
The Influence on Climate Change of Differing Scenarios for Future
... coordinating body for U.S government activities on climate change. The CCSP strategic plan calls for the creation of a series of more than twenty assessment reports. The emissions scenarios are presented in the CCSP Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1.a (US CCSP, 2007). They were developed using th ...
... coordinating body for U.S government activities on climate change. The CCSP strategic plan calls for the creation of a series of more than twenty assessment reports. The emissions scenarios are presented in the CCSP Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1.a (US CCSP, 2007). They were developed using th ...
Titill greinar
... from similar sources in many countries, and therefore governments can use similar abatement solutions there are subtle differences depending on a number of factors, ranging from access to resources, climate and development stage. Iceland is an interesting case in this context. It is highly developed ...
... from similar sources in many countries, and therefore governments can use similar abatement solutions there are subtle differences depending on a number of factors, ranging from access to resources, climate and development stage. Iceland is an interesting case in this context. It is highly developed ...
MNP Report 500116002/2007 Local air pollution and global climate
... environmental problems are closely related, since they are both driven by the nature of present energy production and consumption patterns. This study demonstrates the mutual relevance of, and interaction between, policies designed to address these two environmental challenges. Given the many dimens ...
... environmental problems are closely related, since they are both driven by the nature of present energy production and consumption patterns. This study demonstrates the mutual relevance of, and interaction between, policies designed to address these two environmental challenges. Given the many dimens ...
8. equal per capita entitlements
... expansion of the global economy and attendant GHG emissions into the globally common atmosphere. This realization stimulated the associated debate on the sharing of scarce atmospheric resources, that is, establishing equitable access to this limited space, as the right to emit implies scarcity, and ...
... expansion of the global economy and attendant GHG emissions into the globally common atmosphere. This realization stimulated the associated debate on the sharing of scarce atmospheric resources, that is, establishing equitable access to this limited space, as the right to emit implies scarcity, and ...
Carbon stock accounts - UNSD
... 3. The ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to limit atmospheric stocks of GHG and achieve ‘… stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate sy ...
... 3. The ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to limit atmospheric stocks of GHG and achieve ‘… stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate sy ...
How to Avoid Dangerous Climate Change
... sheets—causing global sea level to rise between 12 and 40 feet. In light of this evidence, policy makers in the European Union have committed their countries to a robust long-term target of limiting warming to 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The United States, under the United Nations Framework Con ...
... sheets—causing global sea level to rise between 12 and 40 feet. In light of this evidence, policy makers in the European Union have committed their countries to a robust long-term target of limiting warming to 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The United States, under the United Nations Framework Con ...
The influence of constrained fossil fuel emissions scenarios on
... must consider the intrinsic or “structural” uncertainty of hydrology (and climate in general), which may be more appropriately represented by a stochastic approach. The point of structural uncertainty was also made by Koutsoyiannis (2010), who demonstrated that even a simple deterministic “toy” clim ...
... must consider the intrinsic or “structural” uncertainty of hydrology (and climate in general), which may be more appropriately represented by a stochastic approach. The point of structural uncertainty was also made by Koutsoyiannis (2010), who demonstrated that even a simple deterministic “toy” clim ...
MULTI‐MUNICIPAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY
... fuels: petroleum refined into gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene, heating oil, and other fuels; coal; and natural gas. As fossil fuels are combusted to provide energy, gases are emitted, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These and other gases, especially methane (CH4) an ...
... fuels: petroleum refined into gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene, heating oil, and other fuels; coal; and natural gas. As fossil fuels are combusted to provide energy, gases are emitted, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These and other gases, especially methane (CH4) an ...
4.4 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 4.4.1 Introduction
... Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6). Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless, nontoxic, nonflammable gas. It is most commonly used as an electrical insulator in high voltage equipment that transmits and distributes electricity. Sulfur hexafluoride is the most potent GHG that has been evaluated by the Int ...
... Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6). Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless, nontoxic, nonflammable gas. It is most commonly used as an electrical insulator in high voltage equipment that transmits and distributes electricity. Sulfur hexafluoride is the most potent GHG that has been evaluated by the Int ...
Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International
... system due to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic sources to the Earth’s atmosphere. These on-going global negotiations are aimed at providing an international public or collective good namely protection of the global climate system by means of voluntary international coopera ...
... system due to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic sources to the Earth’s atmosphere. These on-going global negotiations are aimed at providing an international public or collective good namely protection of the global climate system by means of voluntary international coopera ...
DAYCENT National-Scale Simulations of Nitrous Oxide Emissions
... although formal yield comparisons with observed data have only been conducted with corn, soybean, wheat, and alfalfa hay (Del Grosso et al., 2005). These crops represent approximately 86% of total cropped land in the United States. IPCC (1997) emission factor methodology was used to estimate emissio ...
... although formal yield comparisons with observed data have only been conducted with corn, soybean, wheat, and alfalfa hay (Del Grosso et al., 2005). These crops represent approximately 86% of total cropped land in the United States. IPCC (1997) emission factor methodology was used to estimate emissio ...
A Critical Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol using Monte Carlo
... concern of the 21st century. It is beyond reasonable doubt that the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), perhaps most notably carbon dioxide (CO2), is of discernible influence on the rate and magnitude of recent warming trends. The Kyoto Protocol is a multilateral emissions reduction a ...
... concern of the 21st century. It is beyond reasonable doubt that the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), perhaps most notably carbon dioxide (CO2), is of discernible influence on the rate and magnitude of recent warming trends. The Kyoto Protocol is a multilateral emissions reduction a ...
National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors
... The National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors has been prepared by the Department of Climate Change and replaces the AGO Factors & Methods Workbook. Unless otherwise stated, the emission factors listed in this document have been taken from the Technical Guidelines for the Estimation of Greenhouse E ...
... The National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors has been prepared by the Department of Climate Change and replaces the AGO Factors & Methods Workbook. Unless otherwise stated, the emission factors listed in this document have been taken from the Technical Guidelines for the Estimation of Greenhouse E ...
Of Montreal and Kyoto: A Tale of Two Protocols
... nations, including China, have no obligations under the Kyoto Protocol at all, despite their significant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The United States firmly rejects the agreement, with unanimous bipartisan opposition to its ratification. Far from leading technical innovation, American com ...
... nations, including China, have no obligations under the Kyoto Protocol at all, despite their significant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The United States firmly rejects the agreement, with unanimous bipartisan opposition to its ratification. Far from leading technical innovation, American com ...
FCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations
... New Zealand Liechtenstein United States ...
... New Zealand Liechtenstein United States ...
SUMA K4035 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Measuring and
... Global greenhouse gas emissions are now at a record high, and the world’s scientific community agrees that continued unabated release of greenhouse gases will have catastrophic consequences. Many efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions, both public and private, have been underway for decades, yet i ...
... Global greenhouse gas emissions are now at a record high, and the world’s scientific community agrees that continued unabated release of greenhouse gases will have catastrophic consequences. Many efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions, both public and private, have been underway for decades, yet i ...
The Kyoto Protocol - Current State and Implications for EU
... compromise on the climate treaty at the resumed 6th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP-6bis) in Bonn, July 20016. The outcome of the Bonn negotiations and the subsequent deal signed at COP-7, the Marrakech Accords, have been interpreted as a commitment to the approach embodied by the Kyoto ...
... compromise on the climate treaty at the resumed 6th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP-6bis) in Bonn, July 20016. The outcome of the Bonn negotiations and the subsequent deal signed at COP-7, the Marrakech Accords, have been interpreted as a commitment to the approach embodied by the Kyoto ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.