The scientific and international context for the fifth
... focus on impacts on human and natural systems: those already being observed, and potential future impacts which will depend significantly on the path of human activity. Finally we set out the implications for global emissions from setting a limit to global temperature change. Our key messages are: • ...
... focus on impacts on human and natural systems: those already being observed, and potential future impacts which will depend significantly on the path of human activity. Finally we set out the implications for global emissions from setting a limit to global temperature change. Our key messages are: • ...
Asian Aerosols: Current and Year 2030 Distributions and
... (high visibility). Vast regions (∼80%) of Asia and the Middle East have AOD values greater than 0.3. These regions also have high PM10 values (Figure 1c). The aerosol components contributing to AOD and PM in Asia include soot, sulfates, organics, and dust, among others. This rich mixture of aerosols ...
... (high visibility). Vast regions (∼80%) of Asia and the Middle East have AOD values greater than 0.3. These regions also have high PM10 values (Figure 1c). The aerosol components contributing to AOD and PM in Asia include soot, sulfates, organics, and dust, among others. This rich mixture of aerosols ...
Paper on N 2 O as a ozone depleting substances
... Figure 2 compares estimated ODP-weighted emissions of various ODSs controlled by the MP during the late 20th and all of the 21st centuries [see (13) for details of the calculation]. Recent estimates of expected future N2O emissions under various greenhouse gas mitigation requirements continue to sho ...
... Figure 2 compares estimated ODP-weighted emissions of various ODSs controlled by the MP during the late 20th and all of the 21st centuries [see (13) for details of the calculation]. Recent estimates of expected future N2O emissions under various greenhouse gas mitigation requirements continue to sho ...
Optimal intensity targets for greenhouse gas emissions
... established in theory that price control (i.e. a tax) is preferable to quantity control (i.e. cap-and-trade) under cost uncertainty and for pollutants with a flat marginal damage function, such as greenhouse gases (Weitzman’s 1974; Pizer 2002), capand-trade is fast becoming the dominant instrument f ...
... established in theory that price control (i.e. a tax) is preferable to quantity control (i.e. cap-and-trade) under cost uncertainty and for pollutants with a flat marginal damage function, such as greenhouse gases (Weitzman’s 1974; Pizer 2002), capand-trade is fast becoming the dominant instrument f ...
Independent Review of the Climate Change Act 2010 [MS Word
... long-term commitment to low-carbon transition. It will also provide a clear policy and planning objective for decision makers at all levels. A long-term target gives the direction and certainty needed to create a positive, low carbon future for Victoria. A long-term target will bolster confidence fo ...
... long-term commitment to low-carbon transition. It will also provide a clear policy and planning objective for decision makers at all levels. A long-term target gives the direction and certainty needed to create a positive, low carbon future for Victoria. A long-term target will bolster confidence fo ...
1. The Ozone Layer
... use of CFCs faster and with less cost than was originally anticipated. Substitutes have proved particularly important in electronics. The foam-blowing sector has made use of water, carbon-dioxide, and hydrocarbons, as well as HCFCs. The refrigeration and air-conditioning sector has largely used HCFC ...
... use of CFCs faster and with less cost than was originally anticipated. Substitutes have proved particularly important in electronics. The foam-blowing sector has made use of water, carbon-dioxide, and hydrocarbons, as well as HCFCs. The refrigeration and air-conditioning sector has largely used HCFC ...
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ieta - ghg market sentiment survey
... major players in the carbon market worldwide and we believe these results provide an important barometer of carbon market opinion – not only of past and current performance, but expectations of the future from the people who will shape that future. The survey goes beyond straightforward market senti ...
... major players in the carbon market worldwide and we believe these results provide an important barometer of carbon market opinion – not only of past and current performance, but expectations of the future from the people who will shape that future. The survey goes beyond straightforward market senti ...
The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in
... The emission model has in this study used an input of meteorological fields of 2-m air temperature and 10-m wind speed. The data are reanalysed meteorological data from the MM5 meteorological model (Grell et al., 1995) in an identical setup as in Skjøth et al. (2011) that provides 1-h temporal resol ...
... The emission model has in this study used an input of meteorological fields of 2-m air temperature and 10-m wind speed. The data are reanalysed meteorological data from the MM5 meteorological model (Grell et al., 1995) in an identical setup as in Skjøth et al. (2011) that provides 1-h temporal resol ...
The Economics of Climate Change – Likely Carbon Sequestration
... GTC carbon budget, what has been overlooked are both the serious implications of the Arctic amplification that is already underway and the expected high costs of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). A close analysis of the magnitudes of the various global warming feedbacks indicates that a significant redu ...
... GTC carbon budget, what has been overlooked are both the serious implications of the Arctic amplification that is already underway and the expected high costs of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). A close analysis of the magnitudes of the various global warming feedbacks indicates that a significant redu ...
Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory for all sectors of Sonoma
... Municipalities can focus on GHG emissions produced by their internal operations, on emissions produced by all sectors in the jurisdiction, or first one and then the other. Sonoma municipalities chose to “lead by example,” focusing on internal operations first. This study represents Sonoma’s first as ...
... Municipalities can focus on GHG emissions produced by their internal operations, on emissions produced by all sectors in the jurisdiction, or first one and then the other. Sonoma municipalities chose to “lead by example,” focusing on internal operations first. This study represents Sonoma’s first as ...
Section I. Capacity-Building
... [Using the INDC preparation and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) processes;][ Establishing the INDC preparation and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of capacity-building support against needs identified by Parties, such that capacity is not a barrier to implementation beyon ...
... [Using the INDC preparation and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) processes;][ Establishing the INDC preparation and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of capacity-building support against needs identified by Parties, such that capacity is not a barrier to implementation beyon ...
DAYCENT National-Scale Simulations of Nitrous Oxide Emissions
... 29 Apr. 2005. *Corresponding author ([email protected]). ...
... 29 Apr. 2005. *Corresponding author ([email protected]). ...
Full list of `Environment` briefings - European Parliament
... and enhance the amount of carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere (Lashof et al., 1999). The global carbon cycle consists of carbon flows and stocks. Hundreds of billions of tonnes of CO2 are absorbed from or emitted to the atmosphere through natural processes in a year. The flows include plant p ...
... and enhance the amount of carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere (Lashof et al., 1999). The global carbon cycle consists of carbon flows and stocks. Hundreds of billions of tonnes of CO2 are absorbed from or emitted to the atmosphere through natural processes in a year. The flows include plant p ...
Hayward2008 - Napa Watersheds
... the United States, Professor Esty reports, audiences often ask how it is that the United States scores so poorly. Americans, after all, are used to appearing at or near the very top of all international rankings of good things. In Europe, Professor Esty says, audiences wonder how it is possible that ...
... the United States, Professor Esty reports, audiences often ask how it is that the United States scores so poorly. Americans, after all, are used to appearing at or near the very top of all international rankings of good things. In Europe, Professor Esty says, audiences wonder how it is possible that ...
Technical note on science- based targets
... Considering current GHG emissions trends and assuming current policies to mitigate emissions are effective, the world is on a trajectory leading to a 4°C temperature increase above preindustrial levels, which will have adverse effects on the planet. Companies are responsible for a vast majority of w ...
... Considering current GHG emissions trends and assuming current policies to mitigate emissions are effective, the world is on a trajectory leading to a 4°C temperature increase above preindustrial levels, which will have adverse effects on the planet. Companies are responsible for a vast majority of w ...
The effects of global change upon United States air quality
... the semi-hemispheric domain CMAQ simulations, presentday global emissions inventories were used and projected to the 2050s based on the IPCC A1B scenario. Regional anthropogenic emissions were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency National Emission Inventory 2002 ...
... the semi-hemispheric domain CMAQ simulations, presentday global emissions inventories were used and projected to the 2050s based on the IPCC A1B scenario. Regional anthropogenic emissions were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency National Emission Inventory 2002 ...
UNFCCC First Ten Years
... 1990 and 2050 global mean temperatures could increase by between 0.8 and 2.6 degrees Celsius and by 2100 – between 1.4 and 5.8 degrees Celsius. In addition the Panel anticipated changes in levels of precipitation during the 21st century, both increases and decreases, in the range of 5% to 20%. The P ...
... 1990 and 2050 global mean temperatures could increase by between 0.8 and 2.6 degrees Celsius and by 2100 – between 1.4 and 5.8 degrees Celsius. In addition the Panel anticipated changes in levels of precipitation during the 21st century, both increases and decreases, in the range of 5% to 20%. The P ...
Nitrous Oxide from Agricultural Sources: Potential Role in Greenhouse Gas Emission
... N2O emission mitigation options are available for agricultural soil management and nitric acid production. Nitric acid is a chemical compound used to make synthetic fertilizers. N2O abatement options for nitric acid production include a high-temperature catalytic reduction method, a lowtemperature c ...
... N2O emission mitigation options are available for agricultural soil management and nitric acid production. Nitric acid is a chemical compound used to make synthetic fertilizers. N2O abatement options for nitric acid production include a high-temperature catalytic reduction method, a lowtemperature c ...
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December, 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to the Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to ""a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"" (Art. 2). The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.The Protocol’s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. A second commitment period was agreed on in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol, in which 37 countries have binding targets: Australia, the European Union (and its 28 member states), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyoto's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States (which has not ratified the Protocol). As of July 2015, 36 states have accepted the Doha Amendment, while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states.Negotiations were held in Lima in 2014 to agree on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. China, India, and the United States have all signaled that they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally to reduce CO2 emissions.