Program Information Document
... a debt management strategy that has favored domestic currency financing of public debt. Over the past five years, the GoM has consistently implemented a debt management strategy aimed at reducing the exchange rate and interest rate vulnerability and rollover risk, shifting away from external debt an ...
... a debt management strategy that has favored domestic currency financing of public debt. Over the past five years, the GoM has consistently implemented a debt management strategy aimed at reducing the exchange rate and interest rate vulnerability and rollover risk, shifting away from external debt an ...
Natural Resources
... 1) Background. The 5th assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) notes that atmospheric concentrations of global warming pollutants have risen to levels unseen in the past 800,000 years. Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 40% since pre-industrial times. ...
... 1) Background. The 5th assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) notes that atmospheric concentrations of global warming pollutants have risen to levels unseen in the past 800,000 years. Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 40% since pre-industrial times. ...
Global Warming II Medscape - Public Health and Social Justice
... polluters to develop and adopt technological innovations to curb their individual contributions to global warming. Stronger clean air and water standards and the elimination of fossil fuel industry tax breaks and subsidies could save billions of dollars and thousands of lives each year. Tax breaks ...
... polluters to develop and adopt technological innovations to curb their individual contributions to global warming. Stronger clean air and water standards and the elimination of fossil fuel industry tax breaks and subsidies could save billions of dollars and thousands of lives each year. Tax breaks ...
Propane Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions
... as natural gas and better than all other fuels for residential water and space heating. For space heating, furnaces powered by natural gas or propane are the lowest emitters of greenhouse gases. Electric heat pumps, fuel oil furnaces, electric baseboards, and electric furnaces all produce significan ...
... as natural gas and better than all other fuels for residential water and space heating. For space heating, furnaces powered by natural gas or propane are the lowest emitters of greenhouse gases. Electric heat pumps, fuel oil furnaces, electric baseboards, and electric furnaces all produce significan ...
Detection and attribution of climate change for the
... For determining the relative importance of the regional emissions of aerosols we use the regression model to estimate the possible regional temperature and precipitation developments under assumed emissions. Three such as assumed emission ...
... For determining the relative importance of the regional emissions of aerosols we use the regression model to estimate the possible regional temperature and precipitation developments under assumed emissions. Three such as assumed emission ...
Implementation of UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and CDM in Vietnam
... • Including commitments of states to establish a framework for controlling and eliminating GHG emissions in order to stabilize GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system Annex I Parties (economic transitions trans ...
... • Including commitments of states to establish a framework for controlling and eliminating GHG emissions in order to stabilize GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system Annex I Parties (economic transitions trans ...
The Transition to Low Carbon Economy Under Energy and
... The economy is driven by the progress of science and technology, changes in industrial structure and social preferences in the future. In common with many major developed countries today, services and commerce will eventually become the largest economic sector, accounting for between 60% and 80% of ...
... The economy is driven by the progress of science and technology, changes in industrial structure and social preferences in the future. In common with many major developed countries today, services and commerce will eventually become the largest economic sector, accounting for between 60% and 80% of ...
The Economics of "When" Flexibility in the Design of Greenhouse Gas
... agreements. As noted above, where flexibility offers the potential for substantially lowering the cost of GHG control. At the same time, by not allowing emission reductions to take place at a point in time when they can be achieved at lowest cost (when flexibility), the Protocol risks causing higher ...
... agreements. As noted above, where flexibility offers the potential for substantially lowering the cost of GHG control. At the same time, by not allowing emission reductions to take place at a point in time when they can be achieved at lowest cost (when flexibility), the Protocol risks causing higher ...
Carbon taxation and corporate behaviour
... industrial, includes an implicit carbon tax ranging from zero for domestic users to £43.14 per tonne for gas used for industrial electricity generation; this compares with a figure of £246.33 per tonne for petrol used for transport. There is clearly an imbalance here, with taxes both too low and too ...
... industrial, includes an implicit carbon tax ranging from zero for domestic users to £43.14 per tonne for gas used for industrial electricity generation; this compares with a figure of £246.33 per tonne for petrol used for transport. There is clearly an imbalance here, with taxes both too low and too ...
PDF - Boston University
... the mitigation of these emissions with ambiguity and increasingly evident hesitation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended in 1994 that “emissions from international aviation and marine bunker fuels should be calculated as part of the national GHG inventories of Parties ( ...
... the mitigation of these emissions with ambiguity and increasingly evident hesitation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended in 1994 that “emissions from international aviation and marine bunker fuels should be calculated as part of the national GHG inventories of Parties ( ...
завантажити в форматі Word
... introducing market and non-market mechanisms intended to reduce anthropogenic emissions or increase sequestration of greenhouse gases; determining the role of nuclear energy based on findings of an in-depth analysis of possible risks and benefits of achieving the country’s targets of reducing anthro ...
... introducing market and non-market mechanisms intended to reduce anthropogenic emissions or increase sequestration of greenhouse gases; determining the role of nuclear energy based on findings of an in-depth analysis of possible risks and benefits of achieving the country’s targets of reducing anthro ...
GEOENGINEERING: WORTHY OF CAUTIOUS EVALUATION? An
... As Crutzen makes clear, we are already affecting the climate as a result of the tropospheric sulfate loading that results primarily from SO2 emissions as a result of coal combustion. In that the lifetime of sulfate in the atmosphere is roughly a week, the longer lifetimes with stratospheric injectio ...
... As Crutzen makes clear, we are already affecting the climate as a result of the tropospheric sulfate loading that results primarily from SO2 emissions as a result of coal combustion. In that the lifetime of sulfate in the atmosphere is roughly a week, the longer lifetimes with stratospheric injectio ...
PDF
... the system. However, setting up the system – setting the ➔baseline, and making the initial ➔allocation of allowances – is very time consuming and no trades can take place until this is completed for all participants in the system. The baseline and allocation steps are critical to all participants be ...
... the system. However, setting up the system – setting the ➔baseline, and making the initial ➔allocation of allowances – is very time consuming and no trades can take place until this is completed for all participants in the system. The baseline and allocation steps are critical to all participants be ...
3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORT AND GLOBAL
... that are experiencing little or no population growth. The task at hand, therefore, is to match policies to nations in the most effective manner. Doing so requires forecasting growth in the motor vehicle population, particularly the fossil-fuel powered motor-vehicle population, within the societal co ...
... that are experiencing little or no population growth. The task at hand, therefore, is to match policies to nations in the most effective manner. Doing so requires forecasting growth in the motor vehicle population, particularly the fossil-fuel powered motor-vehicle population, within the societal co ...
National Climate Change Policy Review 2017
... An EIS has the broad support of business, industry groups and energy experts. The Finkel Review’s preliminary report states that “an EIS best integrated with the electricity markets’ pricing and risk management framework, had the lowest economic costs and the lowest impact on electricity prices”. A ...
... An EIS has the broad support of business, industry groups and energy experts. The Finkel Review’s preliminary report states that “an EIS best integrated with the electricity markets’ pricing and risk management framework, had the lowest economic costs and the lowest impact on electricity prices”. A ...
Press Pack - University of Cambridge
... information on the possible changes in the UK climate over the 21st century. The scenarios represent an important advancement in our understanding of the nature of future climate change in the UK, providing information on possible climate change at a regional level, along with insight into potential ...
... information on the possible changes in the UK climate over the 21st century. The scenarios represent an important advancement in our understanding of the nature of future climate change in the UK, providing information on possible climate change at a regional level, along with insight into potential ...
2.David Lusher (Vice Consul-General)
... climate change yet. Level of awareness of climate change and the impact it will have on the region is generally low. Carbon Capture and Storage not yet regarded by local government as important technology to tackle climate change. Emission reduction is regarded as cutting SO2 emissions not CO2 emiss ...
... climate change yet. Level of awareness of climate change and the impact it will have on the region is generally low. Carbon Capture and Storage not yet regarded by local government as important technology to tackle climate change. Emission reduction is regarded as cutting SO2 emissions not CO2 emiss ...
Author
... One per cent of the atmosphere is made up of greenhouse gases. These are water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O). So what’s the fuss about? It’s really more than a fuss. The natural balance of greenhouse gases has been ruined in the last two hundred years. Things that ...
... One per cent of the atmosphere is made up of greenhouse gases. These are water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O). So what’s the fuss about? It’s really more than a fuss. The natural balance of greenhouse gases has been ruined in the last two hundred years. Things that ...
Priority Research Questions for the Environment Agency and other
... David Thompson (NE) Judith Stewart (Defra) Tom Nisbet (Forestry Commission) ...
... David Thompson (NE) Judith Stewart (Defra) Tom Nisbet (Forestry Commission) ...
The financial case for disinvesting from fossil fuels and
... investment in clean technology is required to transition away from fossil fuels quickly enough to hold temperature rises to 2°C. Global investment in renewable energy is currently at $300 billion a year. Given the trillions of dollars spent on exploring and producing fossil fuels each year, the chal ...
... investment in clean technology is required to transition away from fossil fuels quickly enough to hold temperature rises to 2°C. Global investment in renewable energy is currently at $300 billion a year. Given the trillions of dollars spent on exploring and producing fossil fuels each year, the chal ...
front cover
... runaway climate change. And eventually the ocean circulation system could be switched off. [PAGE 4] People, culture and ecosystems have a right to survive. That means the world Has a duty to act. To prevent such disasters, scientists say we should keep global warming well below 2°C. To ensure that, ...
... runaway climate change. And eventually the ocean circulation system could be switched off. [PAGE 4] People, culture and ecosystems have a right to survive. That means the world Has a duty to act. To prevent such disasters, scientists say we should keep global warming well below 2°C. To ensure that, ...
PDF
... Equilibrium framework, the ICES model, it is inferred how forest carbon sequestration fits within the European domestic portfolio of a 2020-20 and 2020-30 climate stabilization policy. Afforestation and land use are accounted for by introducing their effects in the model. This is done by relying on ...
... Equilibrium framework, the ICES model, it is inferred how forest carbon sequestration fits within the European domestic portfolio of a 2020-20 and 2020-30 climate stabilization policy. Afforestation and land use are accounted for by introducing their effects in the model. This is done by relying on ...
South criticises North for not fulfilling climate commitments
... The EU said it would discuss these building blocks in the negotiating process in Bali. It said that Bali needs the engagement of all parties in a negotiation process to reach a global and comprehensive post2012 agreement by 2009. Australia made a statement at the opening on behalf of the Umbrella Gr ...
... The EU said it would discuss these building blocks in the negotiating process in Bali. It said that Bali needs the engagement of all parties in a negotiation process to reach a global and comprehensive post2012 agreement by 2009. Australia made a statement at the opening on behalf of the Umbrella Gr ...
EEA / ETC ACM project on emission scenarios
... Subtask 1: Evaluation of available emission scenarios on how they address the effect of air and climate policies on the atmospheric composition of greenhouse gas and air pollutants Subtask 2: Evaluation of the interaction between air quality and climate policies on the short term (2020) and the long ...
... Subtask 1: Evaluation of available emission scenarios on how they address the effect of air and climate policies on the atmospheric composition of greenhouse gas and air pollutants Subtask 2: Evaluation of the interaction between air quality and climate policies on the short term (2020) and the long ...
How to eat an elephant: a bottom
... carbon markets too can be built from the bottom up, just as other markets in goods and services have been throughout history (Cantor et al., 1992). Functioning markets could link up with each other to form regional, and perhaps eventually global, trading systems. But all this will take time – the ev ...
... carbon markets too can be built from the bottom up, just as other markets in goods and services have been throughout history (Cantor et al., 1992). Functioning markets could link up with each other to form regional, and perhaps eventually global, trading systems. But all this will take time – the ev ...
Climate change mitigation
Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change. Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, e.g., through reforestation. Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming.""Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of ‘the tragedy of the commons’""Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest, (See International Cooperation and Emissions Trading) suggesting the need for collective action. Some adaptation actions, on the other hand, have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals, regions, or countries that undertake them, at least in the short term. Nevertheless, financing such adaptive activities remains an issue, particularly for poor individuals and countries.""Examples of mitigation include switching to low-carbon energy sources, such as renewable and nuclear energy, and expanding forests and other ""sinks"" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Energy efficiency may also play a role, for example, through improving the insulation of buildings. Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering.Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system. Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change, but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments.In 2010, Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level. This may be revised with a target of limiting global warming to below 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. Other mitigation policies have been proposed, some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 °C limit.