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Anatomy and Physiology, 5/e Chapter 27: Nutrition and Metabolism
Anatomy and Physiology, 5/e Chapter 27: Nutrition and Metabolism

... Catabolism is decomposition; anabolism is a synthesis process. Anabolism in different cells produces different compounds. Catabolism releases energy in two forms—heat and chemical energy—releasing the heat in frequent, small bursts for the purpose of homeostasis of body temperature. At the same time ...
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... Glyoxylate Cycle The glyoxylate cycle, which occurs in some bacteria, is a modification of the Krebs cycle. Acetyl coenzyme A is generated directly from oxidation of fatty acids or other lipid compounds. ...
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... human health. Sulfur metabolism works at the interplay between genetics and epigenetic as well as in the maintain of cell redox homeostasis. Indeed, unbalanced levels of S compounds in the body are actually under investigation as vulnerability factors and/or indicators of impaired cell oxidation sta ...
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The Discovery of C4 Photosynthesis

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... capillaries, astrocytes, and the neuropil. Astrocyte processes surround capillaries (end feet) and ensheathe synapses. In addition, receptors and uptake sites for neurotransmitters are present on astrocytes. These features make astrocytes ideally suited to sense synaptic activity (A) and to couple i ...
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... obtained on cellulose as a unique carbon source. The disaccharide cellobiose however was used very efficiently. This suggests that in P. ultimum, plant cell wall degrading cellulases are expressed only to permit access to the host cell in a pathogenic context, rather than for plant cell-wall sacchar ...
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... FIGURE 46.7 Lipid synthesis pathways in mammary epithelial cells during lactation. This figure is reproduced in color in the color plate section. Substrates for lipid synthesis enter the cells via the glucose transporter (GLUT1), a glycerol transporter, as amino acids, or as preformed fatty acids v ...
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)

... •  They act as sensors of diet and xenobiotics •  They play an important role in lipid and glucose homeostasis and metabolic control at whole organism and cellular level •  Involved in: metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, ... ...
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... Wisconsin, Madison, completed structural studies on the structures of botulinum toxin in complex with the neuronal cell surface receptor synaptotagmin II (Syt-II) recognition domain (1) and botulinum toxin with two different neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (2). To compliment the structural work, ...
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... tube is an effective way to regulate enzyme activity in a controlled laboratory environment, body temperature homeostasis prevents living organisms from raising and lowering body temperature to accommodate the large number of reactions that occur simultaneously in any given cell. Similarly, substrat ...
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Hormones and Signal Transduction III

... RAS RAS is a Family of Related Proteins Each is Monomeric and like the α-subunit of G-Proteins RAS Proteins Bind Guanine Nucleotides RAS Swaps GDP for GTP on Activation RAS Slowly Cleaves GTP to GDP ...
Environmental stresses activate a tomato SNF1
Environmental stresses activate a tomato SNF1

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Biochemical cascade

A biochemical cascade (or a signaling pathway) is a series of chemical reactions which are initiated by a stimulus (first messenger) acting on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers (which amplify the initial signal) and ultimately to effector molecules, resulting in a cell response to the initial stimulus. At each step of the signaling cascade, various controlling factors are involved to regulate cellular actions, responding effectively to cues about their changing internal and external environments.
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