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Test 2
Test 2

... lead to the increase in glucose synthesis and excretion by liver. One of these changes involves inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis (i.e. the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose). Describe all the steps and intermediates involved in this stimulation, beginning with t ...
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Chapter 10 Protein Synthesis
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Lecture 1 - Doolittle Lab
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... 25. Draw a square around the part of the tRNA (at the top) that contains the anti-codon. 26. a. Using the name "amino-acyl tRNA synthetases" as a guide, name two different substrates of these enzymes: amino acid and tRNA b. These enzymes also require ATP as a substrate. Explain. Putting two molecule ...
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CRICK: THE GENETIC CODE IS READ THREE BASES AT A TIME
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100% ISO Protein
100% ISO Protein

... • No yeast, wheat or gluten • Free from Bovine Growth Hormone or BSE • Suitable for all body types and ages • Convenient to use, shakes up easily with no blending required • Available in three tasty flavours: Chocolate (made with Cocoa Camino),Vanilla, and Unflavoured (perfect for making fresh fruit ...
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Basic Strategies of Cell Metabolism

... they are composed of. These substances, often quite complex, are synthesized from simpler molecules by processes called anabolism. If the simple molecule is CO2, one refers to carbon assimilation and the cell is said to be autotrophic [eg plants, algae, bacteria]. The majority of microbial cells in ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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