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Problems
Problems

... 1. Which of the reactions of a metabolic pathway would you expect to be regulated? List all that apply: a. the 1st committed step of the pathway b. the last step of the pathway c. a highly spontaneous reaction d. a rate-limiting reaction e. a reaction in which [products]/[reactants] is close to Keq ...
Chemistry of Life
Chemistry of Life

... Ethanethiol ...
PowerPoint 簡報 - Academia Sinica
PowerPoint 簡報 - Academia Sinica

... selection of a potentially exposed, immunogenic internal sequence for antibody generation. Many commercial software packages such as MacVectorTM, DNAStarTM, and PC-GeneTM incorporate these algorithms. • length of the peptide: long peptides (20-40 amino acids in length) increases the number of possib ...
necessary amino acids and vitamins
necessary amino acids and vitamins

... counted with an electronic cell counter (Celloscope, Sweden) and 2 x 1 0 ' cells were added back to the same bottles together with 20 ml of the test medium. The following day the number of cells which attached to the glass was estimated with an inverted microscope by measuring the average number att ...
What are the major types of organic molecules?
What are the major types of organic molecules?

...  typically, the linkage is between carbon 1 of one and 4 of the other  maltose, sucrose, and lactose are common disaccharides  maltose (malt sugar): has two glucose subunits  sucrose (table sugar): glucose + fructose  lactose (milk sugar): glucose + galactose  polysaccharides are macromolecule ...
View Full Article - PDF - International Research Journals
View Full Article - PDF - International Research Journals

... The grub samples were washed with water and removed the head and manure from the body and then subjected to sun dry for a week. The dried body was ground into powdered with pestle and mortar and kept in polythene container ready for proximate and amino acid analysis. Winged termite were also subject ...
2b.-Citric-Acid-Cycle
2b.-Citric-Acid-Cycle

Answer Key - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
Answer Key - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH

... (0.5 point) , and nucleotide (0.5 point). Binding occurs at asymmetric/directional ends of DNA strands (the five prime (5′) and three prime (3′)). The 5′ end contains a terminal phosphate group and the 3′ end a terminal hydroxyl group, which bind adjacent DNA via phosphodiester bonds, forming a phos ...
Exam #1
Exam #1

... determine when it will be a a substrate cycle. What is the key control step involving F2,6P as an allosteric activator/inhibitor (pg 543). Why is this called a ‘Futile cycle’. What are the precursors for gluconeogenesis? Study the overview of glucose metabolism shown on fig 16-1 pg 518. Lipids (chap ...
Chapter 3: Organic Molecules
Chapter 3: Organic Molecules

... Amino Acids Humans cannot synthesize 8 of the 20 amino acids.  While a diet with animal products provides all these essential amino acids, a purely ______________ diet may lead to problems because some plants are deficient in these 8.  Since the body does not store amino acids, a single deficienc ...
Citric acid Cycle Remake - Study in Universal Science College
Citric acid Cycle Remake - Study in Universal Science College

... The two carbon acetyl group generated in PDC reaction enter the CAC, and two molecules of CO2 are released in one cycle. Thus there is complete oxidation of two carbons during one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the part of oxaloacetate; are released as CO2 only in the t ...
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

... growing DNA strands during DNA replication. Kinase: attaches phosphate groups; ATP production ...
SI Worksheet 10 1. What does coupling reactions mean? The
SI Worksheet 10 1. What does coupling reactions mean? The

... 13. What are the 3 factors that can affect enzyme activity? Temperature – denaturing of protein pH – pepsin, trypsin Salt Concentration – ions can alter the activity of enzymes ...
amino acids
amino acids

... compound that allows the fruit ripening. So the role of this amino acid is key for the plant growth since it is needed for the production of ethylene, but it is also important for the general metabolism of the plant since transmethylation is a very common and important reaction in the plant. ...
Cloning and Sequencing of DNA from a Plasmid Library
Cloning and Sequencing of DNA from a Plasmid Library

... This sequence contains an ORF for a hypothetical 130 amino acid protein of unknown function. Analysis of the amino acid sequence reveals a protein of 15,302 D, pI 9.89, with 3 hydrophobic domains. The sequence contains 9 cysteine residues, 6 of which occur pair-wise in the form of CXXC indicative of ...
Which of the following statements about saliva is NOT true
Which of the following statements about saliva is NOT true

... True. Histidine is the precursor to histamine, the action of which increases HCL production in the stomach, decreasing pH 3. A genetic mutation inactivating -dextrinase would not affect a person’s ability to digest amylopectin False. -dextrinase is required to hydrolyze the 6 bonds present in ...
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes: Metabolism – Enzyme and Gene
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes: Metabolism – Enzyme and Gene

... conditions and uses the information to effectively regulate metabolism. B. Patterns of regulation 1. Feedback inhibition a) One of the initial steps in a pathway, which is the rate limiting step, is regulated by the pathways' end product(s) b) Types (see attached) (1) simple (2) cumulative – one enz ...
Kofaktörler - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
Kofaktörler - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk

... • Metabolite coenzymes – synthesized from common metabolites • Nucleoside triphosphates – (ATP) can donate phosphates, pyrophosphates, adenosyl grroups • S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) – donates methyl groups • Nucleotide sugars (uridine diphosphate glucose = UDP-glucose) - transfer sugars in carbohydra ...
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules

... atoms. Biological organization is established when cells join these small molecules together to form larger molecules and even organelles. The four main classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The structure and functions of these molecules are the ...
syllabus - option b(human biochemistry)
syllabus - option b(human biochemistry)

... Option B: Human biochemistry (15/22 hours) The aim of this option is to give students an understanding of the chemistry of important molecules foundin the human body, and the need for a balanced and healthy diet. Although the role that these molecules play in the body should be appreciated, the emph ...
CH 3 Biochemistry - Belle Vernon Area School District
CH 3 Biochemistry - Belle Vernon Area School District

... • Amino acids have a central carbon atom. • One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen. • The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R). ...
The CENTRAL DOGMA in Biology:
The CENTRAL DOGMA in Biology:

... But exactly HOW does it code for traits? The ‘central dogma in biology’ states that DNA provides a code for synthesizing proteins. Ultimately, it is the proteins in our body that determine all of our traits! In other words: ...
Questions
Questions

... e. Demonstration that at least some, if not all chitin is synthesized, most likely, in a vectorial way as demonstrated by unilateral formation of chitin by isolated plasma membrane. Pretreatment of protoplasts with gluteradehyde before lysis --> no effecting chitin synthesis Pretreatment of disrupte ...
Chapter 18 Homework Assignment Chapter 18 Amino Acid
Chapter 18 Homework Assignment Chapter 18 Amino Acid

... • The first step in the catabolism of most Aas once in the liver is the removal of the α-amino group • This reaction is catalyzes by a group of enzymes called the aminotransferases or the transanimases • In general, the amino group is transferred from the AA to α-Keto – glutarate, leaving behind the ...
They do NOT like water!
They do NOT like water!

... – Sugar is deoxyribose. ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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