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2 H
2 H

... • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ...
Amino Acid-Protecting Groups (PDF Available)
Amino Acid-Protecting Groups (PDF Available)

... selective deprotection is governed by alternative cleavage mechanisms rather than by reaction rates. Since the pioneernig work of Bergmann and Zervas, the development of new protecting groups has been deeply tied to peptide chemistry. Protection is totally mandatory for the construction of these pol ...
REDESIGN OF CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE SPECIFICITY BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA
REDESIGN OF CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE SPECIFICITY BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA

... Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes a similar reaction to CrAT, with the difference that in ChAT the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to choline instead of carnitine. Cronin (1998) successfully redesigned ChAT to use carnitine instead of its natural substrate choline. In the presen ...
mammalian hibernation: biochemical adaptation
mammalian hibernation: biochemical adaptation

... Another futile form of ATP turnover that supports thermogenesis occurs in bumblebees, which must also heat their flight muscles before take-off. Here, a futile hydrolysis of ATP occurs from the unregulated function of two enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism: the ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase ...
video slide
video slide

... • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ...
Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms
Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms

... You should be able to derive this! Louis Michaelis and Maude Menten's theory It assumes the formation of an enzymesubstrate complex It assumes that the ES complex is in rapid equilibrium with free enzyme Breakdown of ES to form products is assumed to be slower than 1) formation of ES and 2) breakdow ...
Metabolism, Lectures 25-27 Quadrant – 2 - vtu-nptel
Metabolism, Lectures 25-27 Quadrant – 2 - vtu-nptel

... introduction to metabolism - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and ... www.dnatube.com/video/.../introduction-to-metabol... this interactive animation helps you to understand the metabolism in the cell. Basics of Metabolism | Growth and Metabolism | Khan Academy www.khanacademy.org/partner...metabolism ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids ...
Analysis of the bipartite networks of domain compositions and
Analysis of the bipartite networks of domain compositions and

... the substrates and enzymes of reactions and the metabolic pathways they belong to. Components of the same enzyme complex are treated as co-occurring proteins in the same reaction, while distinct proteins catalyzing the same reaction are treated as alternative enzymes. 1661 E. coli reactions and 1313 ...
Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Fatty Acid
Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Fatty Acid

... Fatty acids are an important source of energy in humans, especially during fasting. Most tissues are able to degrade fatty acids to carbon dioxide and water, but in addition, some organs—notably the liver—have the capacity to convert the acetyl-CoA units produced during |3 oxidation into the ketone ...
Chromatin Condensing Functions of the Linker Histone C
Chromatin Condensing Functions of the Linker Histone C

... that intrinsically disordered domains contain short primary sequence elements imbedded within the domain (24-26). In addition, interesting attributes related to amino acid composition have been observed, such as reduced levels of hydrophobic residues and increased levels of charged residues (21, 27) ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

... o Glucokinase, a liver-specific enzyme whose biosynthesis is induced by insulin in response to high blood glucose levels, has a high Km (about 10 mM) and high Vmax for glucose, and is not product-inhibited. The liver does not use glucose as its preferred fuel. Rather, it stores glucose as glycogen w ...
Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition - UCSF Benioff Children`s Hospital
Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition - UCSF Benioff Children`s Hospital

... • Start PN when at least 30 cc/kg/d can be used for this route. • Although growth can be obtained with PN, enteral feedings should be initiated as soon as feasible, because of risks associated with PN. INFUSION ROUTES: 1. Peripheral route is used for partial or supplemental PN. This route is usually ...
Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus
Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus

... with metal ions and are therefore different from smaller phenols,3 so we looked at the concentrations of ionic calcium and iron. The antimicrobial mechanisms of tannins can be summarized as follows. (i) The astringent property of the tannin may induce complexation with enzymes or substrates. Many mi ...
Substrate recognition by nonribosomal peptide
Substrate recognition by nonribosomal peptide

... L-Phe-, L-Glu- and L-Asp-activating domains have been mutated, using this method, to domains activating preferentially L-Leu, L-Gln and L-Asn, respectively, as evaluated by the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay. Because no kinetic parameters could be determined for the activation of the noncognate am ...
Tasks for 1stMidtermExam. Introduction. Metabolic Regulation
Tasks for 1stMidtermExam. Introduction. Metabolic Regulation

... A) Green and yellow vegetables (pumpkin, sweet pepper). B) lemon, eggplant, eggs C) melon, pumpkin, milk D) pear, lemon, rose hips ...
as a PDF - CiteSeerX
as a PDF - CiteSeerX

... indicate that porcine pepsinogen is activated to pepsin through intermediate form(s) by sequential release of the activation peptides. However, quite recently, we isolated the intact activation segment upon activation of Japanese monkey pepsinogen, indicating that one-step activation occurred exclus ...
the organization and regulation of plant glycolysis
the organization and regulation of plant glycolysis

... The importance of PPi in the glycolytic metabolism of some organisms was discovered in research on so-called energy-poor anaerobic microorganisms such as the bacteria Priopionibacterium shermanii and parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica (148). These species have no PFK but instead convert Fru-6-P ...
The Future of Butyric Acid in Industry (PDF Available)
The Future of Butyric Acid in Industry (PDF Available)

... sugars is somewhat between these other two strains as it consumes glucose, fructose, maltose, xylose, ribose, and cellobiose, and some oligomeric and polymeric sugars but not sucrose or starch [28]. ...
Structure and Function of Large Bio Molecules
Structure and Function of Large Bio Molecules

... The covalent bonds that connect monomers in a polymer are disassembled by hydrolysis, a reaction that is effectively the reverse of dehydration. o The process of digestion is an example of hydrolysis within the human body.  We take in food as organic polymers that are too large for our cells to abs ...
7 Biochemistry of fermentation
7 Biochemistry of fermentation

... Since the catabolism of lactose takes place inside the microbial cell, the key step in this metabolic pathway is at the entry of lactose into the cell. In the lactococci and certain strains of L. acidophilus (Kanatani and Oshimura, 1994; Marshall and Tamime, 1997a) a specific system is involved in l ...
Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium

... abundant than reactants only if K 1 (more than about 103), and even a reaction with K  1 may have a reasonable abundance of products at equilibrium. Table 4.1 summarizes the conditions under which rG  0 and K 1. Because rG  rH  TrS, the standard reaction Gibbs energy is certainly ne ...
Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: molecular and clinical aspects
Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: molecular and clinical aspects

... by ATP (Kahn & Marie, 1982; Wang et al, 2001). The allosteric regulation can be described according to the sequential model of Monod et al (1965) with Vmax unchanged either in T- or R-state (350 U/mg). Thus, either in the presence or in the absence of effectors, the enzyme displays identical kcat (t ...
as a PDF - PubAg
as a PDF - PubAg

... cDNAs contained a signal peptide, activation peptide, and conserved N-termini (IVGG). Other structural features included His, Asp, and Ser residues for the catalytic amino acid triad of serine proteinase active sites, residues for the binding pocket, and four pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide ...
Structure and function of haemoglobin: II. Some
Structure and function of haemoglobin: II. Some

... K endrew & Watson in the BC corne r of myoglobin, consists of proline in position 2 with an internally hydrogen-bonded threonine in position 4. In one instance prolines actually occur in both positions 2 and 3 of an cc-helix (helix H,8of human haemoglobin). Synthetic polypeptides consisting of serin ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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