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Microbial Metabolism PowerPoint
Microbial Metabolism PowerPoint

... c) redox energy is used to pump H+ into the cell i) creates a higher concentration in ICF d) H+ is moved out through ATPsynthase creating ATP as it moves out e) each NADH has enough energy to produce 3 ATP and each FADH2 can produce 2 i) 30 ATP from NADH and 4 from FADH2 ...
Structure, function and selective inhibition of bacterial acetyl
Structure, function and selective inhibition of bacterial acetyl

... the other subunit releases the carboxylated biotin product. Consequently, the two active sites cannot undergo catalysis simultaneously. X-ray crystal structures of BC, in complex with ATP, demonstrate that ligand binding at one active site induces conformational changes in the partner subunit. Amino ...
1 Biosynthesis and Chemical Properties of Natural Substances in
1 Biosynthesis and Chemical Properties of Natural Substances in

... compounds; rather, other organisms such as bacteria, fungi, sponges, as well as animals, are also capable of synthesizing a plethora of these metabolites. Whilst some of these metabolites are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5, a large number remain undiscovered. Moreover, secondary metabolites often pos ...
Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of gulonolactone
Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of gulonolactone

... 1 . The metabolic ...
Decoding the Flu - National Center for Case Study Teaching in
Decoding the Flu - National Center for Case Study Teaching in

... “The hemagglutinin (HA) protein helps the flu virus infect cells and the structure of this protein can vary in different virus strains. I want you to compare the HA gene for the viruses the team was examining with a typical flu virus. Because we don’t have power right now, you will have to do this ...
Decoding the Flu
Decoding the Flu

... “The hemagglutinin (HA) protein helps the flu virus infect cells and the structure of this protein can vary in different virus strains. I want you to compare the HA gene for the viruses the team was examining with a typical flu virus. Because we don’t have power right now, you will have to do this ...


... Most enzymes are pH dependent for their activity. Usually they have a pH-optimum which is suited to the environment in which they are generally found. Reasons for this may be that the amino acids in the active site need to be in a certain state of ionization to be active, that the substrate has to ...
Decoding the Flu - Castle High School
Decoding the Flu - Castle High School

... “The hemagglutinin (HA) protein helps the flu virus infect cells and the structure of this protein can vary in different virus strains. I want you to compare the HA gene for the viruses the team was examining with a typical flu virus. Because we don’t have power right now, you will have to do this ...
View - BioOne
View - BioOne

... Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are vital photosynthetic microorganisms that contribute to soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and are also important for maintaining ecosystem stability. These microorganisms can be very sensitive to herbicides because they possess many characteristics of hig ...
Food Chemistry
Food Chemistry

... foods is partly dependent on chemical reactions occurring during processing and storage. If proteins are overheated, the amino acid structure changes. As a result, the protein is not easily digested or absorbed. Savoie, Charbonneau, and Parent (1989) reported that overheating of non-fat dried milk, ...
full text pdf
full text pdf

... the total serum protein. Its structure contains many hydrophobic pockets which bind a variety of biological molecules. Several examples follow: –– By binding to albumin, fatty acids can be transported at high concentrations (free fatty acids are soluble to about 10-6 M while the fatty acid - albumin ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

... End point inhibition • The first step (controlled by eA) is often controlled by the end product (F) • Therefore negative feedback is possible A ...
File ch 14 ppt1
File ch 14 ppt1

... ways, but he or she is still the same person. • Acids and bases also can be described differently based on the circumstances. ...
statins i
statins i

... AE: liver impairment:  of transaminases and creatine kinases (should be monitored) skeletal muscles myositis (0,5% incidence) can lead tok rhabdomyolysis and renal failure (most often after combination of simvastatin + gemfibrozil; generaly after combinations with fibrates and CYP3A4 inhibitors)  ...
gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis

... sufficient; between meals and during longer fasts, or after vigorous exercise, glycogen is depleted. For these times, organisms need a method for synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. This is accomplished by a pathway called….. ...
lecture7
lecture7

... It is important to note that animals are unable to effect the net synthesis of glucose from fatty acids. Specifically, acetyl CoA cannot be converted into pyruvate or oxaloacetate in animals. The two carbon atoms of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle, but two carbon atoms lea ...
review article
review article

... couple transmembrane translocation to energy, although a few interesting exceptions are known. (3) With very few exceptions (i.e. the major-facilitator superfamily and the ABC superfamily) all members of a phylogenetically defined family function with strongly preferential inwardly directed or outwa ...
respiration in plants
respiration in plants

Ribosome readthrough
Ribosome readthrough

... 2) Aminoglycosides can decrease the fidelity of translation, causing higher frequencies of readthrough Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that interfere with bacterial-protein synthesis. They all have a common 2-deoxystreptamine ring structure, which binds to the ribosome decoding center. R ...
De Novo Mutation Found in the Porphobilinogen Deaminase Gene
De Novo Mutation Found in the Porphobilinogen Deaminase Gene

... symptomatology, we identified de novo mutation 966insA within the PBGD gene leading to a stop codon after 36 completely different amino acids compared to the wt-sequence. To establish the effects of this mutation on the protein structure, we expressed mutant constructs with described mutation in E. ...
Identification and Characterization of cvHsp
Identification and Characterization of cvHsp

... cvHsp were requested and fully sequenced on both strands using an ABI automatic sequencer. 59-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends experiments were performed using the Marathon Ready human heart cDNA (CLONTECH). The following primers were used: 59-CCGCTCGGAAGGTGGAAGAGGTTCT-39 and 59-CGAGGGCTGGACAGGAGAGG ...
sorghum protein - Simply Sorghum
sorghum protein - Simply Sorghum

... antioxidant activity, which is important for the body’s cells to combat oxidative stress. Current research suggests decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation with the daily consumption of antioxidants can help lower the risk of chronic diseases, including cancers, heart disease, type 2 diabetes a ...
Planta - University of Regina
Planta - University of Regina

... in tropical and subtropical regions. Flavonoids, ubiquitous in higher plants, are produced by a high proportion of the bryophytes (liverworts and mosses) and by virtually all of the pteridophytes (fern allies and ferns) (Markham 1988). Flavonoids along with other phenolics protect plants from UV rad ...
Metabolism Fansler
Metabolism Fansler

... Stabilized active form Allosteric activater stabilizes active form ...
Krebs cycle - biology.org.uk
Krebs cycle - biology.org.uk

... follows, Krebs cycle, also takes place here. Krebs cycle consists of a number of reactions which (in one turn of the cycle):  produces two molecules of carbon dioxide  produces one molecule of ATP  reduces three molecules of NAD to NADH2 and reduces one molecule of FAD to FADH2 The chain of react ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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