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Glycolysis Lecture
Glycolysis Lecture

... Welcome to the Department of Clinical Biochemistry. The aim of this course guide is to provide you with clear description of the course objectives, contents of each topic together with its lectures, tutorials and practicals, which are presented in a sequential manner. Also it states clearly what is ...
Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases

... conjugate acid-base pairs • Acids and bases are identified based on whether they donate or accept H+. • “Conjugate” acids and bases are found on the products side of the equation. A conjugate base is the same as the starting acid minus H+. ...
It Works! Shake™ Product Info Sheet
It Works! Shake™ Product Info Sheet

... “perfect protein” blend contains a balanced amino acid profile with nine essential amino acids and an optimal concentration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), supporting your optimal health by encouraging lean muscle growth, supporting strength and power during exercise, sustaining your energy, ...
galanin - Personal Home Pages (at UEL)
galanin - Personal Home Pages (at UEL)

... •Galanin is a 29 amino acid neuro-peptide has inhibitory actions •Exerts biological effects in mammals such as feeding, insulin release and growth hormone ...
Production of industrially relevant compounds in prokaryotic
Production of industrially relevant compounds in prokaryotic

... cies. A gene that is heterologous to a prokaryotic cell origi nates from an organism or species other than the prokaryotic cell in Which it is expressed. In one speci?c, non-limiting example, a heterologous asbF gene includes an asbF gene from Bacillus Which is expressed in another bacterial cell (f ...
Molecular cloning and characterization of an acyl
Molecular cloning and characterization of an acyl

... AhFatB1 and other FatB thioesterases. Additionally, a conserved acyl-thio N super family and two Helix/4Stranded sheet (4HBT) domains containing residues that affect specificity in the N-terminal and catalytic residues in the C-terminal (Figure 2A), both of which proved to be typical domains for Fat ...
CNM
CNM

... What is special property does this type of molecule have and what is the scientific term for this? ...
The acetaminophen metabolite
The acetaminophen metabolite

... (Bessems and Vermeulen, 2001; Cohen and Khairallah, 1997; Mitchell et al., 1973). Pitt & Hauser (1998) suggested that in such patients GS becomes rate limiting or is inhibited, leading to ƴ-glutamylcysteine accumulation. NAPQI is a highly reactive electrophile which forms adducts selectively with li ...
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß

... (Thieringer and Kunau, 1991). All d-enoyl-CoA hydratase and all d-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase domains from the different organisms exhibit pronounced amino acid sequence similarities among themselves (Qin et al., 1997). The same is true for monospecific enzymes or domains displaying 2-enoyl-CoA ...
Novel Amycolatopsis balhimycina biochemical abilities
Novel Amycolatopsis balhimycina biochemical abilities

... intact proteins and nanoLC-ESI-LIT-MS/MS analysis of their tryptic digests was carried out. With this procedure, 206 additional new proteins such as very basic, hydrophobic or large species were identified. This analysis revealed either components whose expression was previously only inferred by gro ...
The CoFactor database: organic cofactors in enzyme catalysis
The CoFactor database: organic cofactors in enzyme catalysis

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... Lipid-soluble Vitamins ...
Origins and Evolution of Pathways of Anaerobic Metabolism in the
Origins and Evolution of Pathways of Anaerobic Metabolism in the

... such as arachnids, e.g., the spider Filistata hibernalis (Prestwich, 1988a, b). The importance of the lactate pathway in providing high rates of energy production for muscular activity and locomotion, and for other forms of maintained or increased metabolic activity, is reflected in the direct scali ...
Phytotoxicity of Phenolic Acids From Cereals
Phytotoxicity of Phenolic Acids From Cereals

... sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) a variety of allelochemicals have been identified including hydroxamic acids, cumarines, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic acids.. The allelopathic activity of these cereals may arise from one or the combined action of a group of allelochemicals. For example ...
Characterizing the complexity of enzymes on the basis of their
Characterizing the complexity of enzymes on the basis of their

... overall reaction) occasionally have significantly different mechanisms. A good example of this phenomenon is provided by the haloperoxidases (EC 1.11.1.10). There are three different types of this enzyme that have been identified so far, all of which catalyse the same basic reaction (shown in the bott ...
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins

...  Competitive inhibitors – block substrate from entering active site  Reversible  Overcome by adding more substrate  Noncompetitive inhibitors – bind to another part of enzyme thereby changing the enzyme’s shape making it inactive  Irreversible  Examples: DDT, sarin gas, and penicillin ...
Novel domains and orthologues of eukaryotic
Novel domains and orthologues of eukaryotic

... factors are known to facilitate elongation through chromatin (3) (Table 1). These are Rad26p, CP (a heterodimeric factor of Cdc68p/Spt16p and Pob3p), Elongator (containing two subcomplexes, each of three subunits), the Spt4p±Spt5p heterodimer and Spt6p. The molecular functions of these 12 differ gre ...
3-3.1 Indole Alkaloids
3-3.1 Indole Alkaloids

... FeCl3 + concentrated H2SO4 on the wall of the test tube → blue layer is formed between the two phases. ...
PYRUVATE OXIDATION, KREBS CYCLE agnes je... 583KB Nov 04
PYRUVATE OXIDATION, KREBS CYCLE agnes je... 583KB Nov 04

... 2 pyruvate + 2 NAD + 2 CoA -> 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2H2+ 2 CO2 • acetyl CoA - central molecule in energy metabolism o proteins, lipids, can also be broken down into acetyl CoA o can produce fat or ATP, depending on ATP levels in the ...
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß-Oxidation
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß-Oxidation

... (Thieringer and Kunau, 1991). All d-enoyl-CoA hydratase and all d-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase domains from the different organisms exhibit pronounced amino acid sequence similarities among themselves (Qin et al., 1997). The same is true for monospecific enzymes or domains displaying 2-enoyl-CoA ...
ID_4450_General principles of metaboli_English_sem_5
ID_4450_General principles of metaboli_English_sem_5

... They are unstable, free radicals that can react to form toxic substances They polymerize easily and can cause the cytosol to become too gel-like They inhibit the uptake of pyruvate by mitochondria All of the above They are amphipathic and act as detergents that can degrade membranes Why are triacylg ...
Biochemistry Objectives 43
Biochemistry Objectives 43

... Cortisol: low levels are maintained during the well-fed state due to the abundance of exogenous glucose; however, during the late post-absorptive state and early starvation, where protein catabolism for gluconeogenesis is necessary, cortisol synthesis and release is stimulated. Cortisol levels drop ...
PDF
PDF

... It is surprising that some modified glycopeptide compounds that have been acylated or alkylated retain their activity against the vancomycin-resistant enterococci [17]. It is possible that the activity of these modified compounds results from a different mechanism of action, perhaps involving disrup ...
Possible Processes for Origin of First Chemoheterotrophic
Possible Processes for Origin of First Chemoheterotrophic

... exchange, but also there are occurred a rapid isotopic (1H–2H) exchange in hydroxyl (-OH), sulfohydryl (-SH) and amino (-NH2) groups in all molecules of organic substances, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. It is known, that in these conditions only covalent C–H bond is no ...
2 Properties Carboxylic Acids GOB Structures
2 Properties Carboxylic Acids GOB Structures

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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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