Submembraneous microtubule cytoskeleton: biochemical and
... depolymerising conditions such as presence of nocodazol or increased Ca2+ concentrations [28]. TRPV1 channels are nonselective cation channels. Therefore, the role of increased concentration of Ca2+ on the properties of TRPV1–tubulin and ⁄ or TRPV1– microtubule complex is of special interest. Tubuli ...
... depolymerising conditions such as presence of nocodazol or increased Ca2+ concentrations [28]. TRPV1 channels are nonselective cation channels. Therefore, the role of increased concentration of Ca2+ on the properties of TRPV1–tubulin and ⁄ or TRPV1– microtubule complex is of special interest. Tubuli ...
The Golgi-Localized Arabidopsis Endomembrane
... sorting signals required for retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of several type I membrane proteins that interact with COPI vesicles (Cosson and Letourneur, 1994; Schröder et al., 1995; Harter and Wieland, 1998; Gomez et al., 2000). Recently, the semiconserved Phe-Leu-Ser-like motifs were identified as ...
... sorting signals required for retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of several type I membrane proteins that interact with COPI vesicles (Cosson and Letourneur, 1994; Schröder et al., 1995; Harter and Wieland, 1998; Gomez et al., 2000). Recently, the semiconserved Phe-Leu-Ser-like motifs were identified as ...
21.Hip Joint
... Flexion: It is performed by the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, also by adductor muscles ...
... Flexion: It is performed by the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, also by adductor muscles ...
Signal Perception and Transduction: The Origin of
... light direction, then some form of fixed attachment in the cell is necessary. However, this does not have to be the plasma membrane; attachment to the cytoskeleton close to, or on, the inner sutface of the plasma membrane would work equally well. Thus, phytochrome and cryptochrome could act as senso ...
... light direction, then some form of fixed attachment in the cell is necessary. However, this does not have to be the plasma membrane; attachment to the cytoskeleton close to, or on, the inner sutface of the plasma membrane would work equally well. Thus, phytochrome and cryptochrome could act as senso ...
Membranes of the Larynx: Extrinsic membranes connect the
... cartilages. It is composed of dense fibroconnective tissue with abundant elastic fibers. It can be described as having two parts: The medial cricothyroid ligament is a thickened anterior part of the membrane that connects the anterior apart of the arch of the cricoid cartilage with the inferior bord ...
... cartilages. It is composed of dense fibroconnective tissue with abundant elastic fibers. It can be described as having two parts: The medial cricothyroid ligament is a thickened anterior part of the membrane that connects the anterior apart of the arch of the cricoid cartilage with the inferior bord ...
A Cyanobacterial Chlorophyll Synthase-HliD
... cyanobacterial chlorophyll proteins (Kopec contrast, the absence of the carotenoid cofactor b-carotene has little effect on the synthesis of the PSI in Synechocystis, and although synthesis of PSII proteins is impaired, this complex nevertheless accumulates to some extent in the b-carotene-less muta ...
... cyanobacterial chlorophyll proteins (Kopec contrast, the absence of the carotenoid cofactor b-carotene has little effect on the synthesis of the PSI in Synechocystis, and although synthesis of PSII proteins is impaired, this complex nevertheless accumulates to some extent in the b-carotene-less muta ...
Bugging the cell wall of bacteria
... cell division [28]. Lipid II is a target for several classes of antibiotics, such as the glycopeptides and the lantibiotics. They share the common action of preventing incorporation of Lipid II, thereby weakening the cell wall and eventually killing the cells. The best known member of the glycopepti ...
... cell division [28]. Lipid II is a target for several classes of antibiotics, such as the glycopeptides and the lantibiotics. They share the common action of preventing incorporation of Lipid II, thereby weakening the cell wall and eventually killing the cells. The best known member of the glycopepti ...
Forage digestibility: the intersection of cell wall lignification and plant
... is extremely variable and almost always less than grains. Because cell wall material is the single largest component of forages, the digestibility of forage cell walls is a primary determinant of animal productivity and efficiency. The plant cell wall is a complex matrix of polymers that surrounds e ...
... is extremely variable and almost always less than grains. Because cell wall material is the single largest component of forages, the digestibility of forage cell walls is a primary determinant of animal productivity and efficiency. The plant cell wall is a complex matrix of polymers that surrounds e ...
Review Article GPCRs: Lipid-Dependent Membrane Receptors That
... License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of molecules involved in signal transduction across cell membranes and represent major targets in the develop ...
... License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of molecules involved in signal transduction across cell membranes and represent major targets in the develop ...
Aquaporin-Mediated Fluid Regulation in the Inner Ear
... require a directional flow of fluid from the stria vascularis to the endolymphatic sac. So far, there was no flux detectable beyond a passive bidirectional diffusion of injected marker molecules into the scala media (Salt and Thalmann, 1988). The sensory cells of the inner ear are exposed to the end ...
... require a directional flow of fluid from the stria vascularis to the endolymphatic sac. So far, there was no flux detectable beyond a passive bidirectional diffusion of injected marker molecules into the scala media (Salt and Thalmann, 1988). The sensory cells of the inner ear are exposed to the end ...
Smooth
... attachment to the dense bodies that contain a-actinin, a Z-band protein in skeletal muscle. Thus, it is assumed that the dense bodies function as Z-lines. The ratio of thin to thick filaments is much higher in smooth muscle (~15:1) than in skeletal muscle (~6:1). Smooth muscle is rich in intermediat ...
... attachment to the dense bodies that contain a-actinin, a Z-band protein in skeletal muscle. Thus, it is assumed that the dense bodies function as Z-lines. The ratio of thin to thick filaments is much higher in smooth muscle (~15:1) than in skeletal muscle (~6:1). Smooth muscle is rich in intermediat ...
Investigation of CNT-induced Escherichia coli Lysis and Protein
... In order to enhance the permeability of outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria especially E. coli, EDTA can be used due to its strong divalent cation-chelating function [10]. The mechanism of making holes on outer membrane is unknown yet. It seems that EDTA causes the loss of 30% to 67% of su ...
... In order to enhance the permeability of outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria especially E. coli, EDTA can be used due to its strong divalent cation-chelating function [10]. The mechanism of making holes on outer membrane is unknown yet. It seems that EDTA causes the loss of 30% to 67% of su ...
PDF
... and the fluorescent-ligand-binding assay. FITC-Con A labelling and all washes were done in the presence of 0-5/*g/ml CCD and 0 0 2 % sodium azide. (2) Colcemid. Embryos were cultured from the late 2-cell stage (44-46 h post-hCG) in M16 + BSA or M16 + BSA + 0-5 or 5-0/*g/ml colcemid (Sigma U.K.) (1:2 ...
... and the fluorescent-ligand-binding assay. FITC-Con A labelling and all washes were done in the presence of 0-5/*g/ml CCD and 0 0 2 % sodium azide. (2) Colcemid. Embryos were cultured from the late 2-cell stage (44-46 h post-hCG) in M16 + BSA or M16 + BSA + 0-5 or 5-0/*g/ml colcemid (Sigma U.K.) (1:2 ...
Identification, Purification, and Molecular Cloning of
... molecular mass of ⵑ43 kD. In some preparations, other smaller peaks and troughs were seen on the gel, but they were not consistently present in all preparations. The identification of the specific 43-kD protein band was difficult because of the large number of proteins present on the gel. We tried t ...
... molecular mass of ⵑ43 kD. In some preparations, other smaller peaks and troughs were seen on the gel, but they were not consistently present in all preparations. The identification of the specific 43-kD protein band was difficult because of the large number of proteins present on the gel. We tried t ...
The functional cobalamin (vitamin B12)–intrinsic factor receptor is a
... Cobalamin deficiency is most often caused by decreased production or function of IF due to acquired autoimmune disease of the gastric mucosa (pernicious anemia), but selective malabsorption of the vitamin may also be due to inherited defects of the various components in the cobalamin uptake system. ...
... Cobalamin deficiency is most often caused by decreased production or function of IF due to acquired autoimmune disease of the gastric mucosa (pernicious anemia), but selective malabsorption of the vitamin may also be due to inherited defects of the various components in the cobalamin uptake system. ...
AtSpc98p and plant microtubule nucleation
... cells. Microtubule nucleation involving Spc98p-containing γ-tubulin complexes could then be conserved among all eukaryotes, despite differences in structure and spatial distribution of microtubule organizing centers. ...
... cells. Microtubule nucleation involving Spc98p-containing γ-tubulin complexes could then be conserved among all eukaryotes, despite differences in structure and spatial distribution of microtubule organizing centers. ...
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so
... Focal complexes are 0.5-1 µm dot-like contacts localized along the lamellipodia. These structures are not connected to stress fibers although they have been shown to be linked to the actin network. Moreover, they do not contain Zyxin suggesting that they are subjected to moderate mechanical tensions ...
... Focal complexes are 0.5-1 µm dot-like contacts localized along the lamellipodia. These structures are not connected to stress fibers although they have been shown to be linked to the actin network. Moreover, they do not contain Zyxin suggesting that they are subjected to moderate mechanical tensions ...
Cellular control of cholesterol
... The uptake of LDL into cells is classic example of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cells express LDL receptor on their plasma membrane. The receptor binds to sites on Apoprotein in LDL. Bound receptors cluster in coated pits and are then endocytosed by clathrin. The endocytic vesicles acidify to beco ...
... The uptake of LDL into cells is classic example of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cells express LDL receptor on their plasma membrane. The receptor binds to sites on Apoprotein in LDL. Bound receptors cluster in coated pits and are then endocytosed by clathrin. The endocytic vesicles acidify to beco ...
magnetosome formation in prokaryotes
... from the passive alignment of the cell along geomagnetic field lines while it swims. Cells are neither attracted nor pulled towards either geomagnetic pole. Dead cells also align along geomagnetic field lines but do not move. So, these living cells behave like tiny, self-propelled magnetic compass n ...
... from the passive alignment of the cell along geomagnetic field lines while it swims. Cells are neither attracted nor pulled towards either geomagnetic pole. Dead cells also align along geomagnetic field lines but do not move. So, these living cells behave like tiny, self-propelled magnetic compass n ...
toxins
... storage of neurotransmitter molecules inside these vesicles. Regardless the secretory organelle size, large or small, the release of its content into the extracellular space implicates a fusion of its membrane with the plasmalemma, which then allows passive diffusion of its content into the surround ...
... storage of neurotransmitter molecules inside these vesicles. Regardless the secretory organelle size, large or small, the release of its content into the extracellular space implicates a fusion of its membrane with the plasmalemma, which then allows passive diffusion of its content into the surround ...
Structural and Functional Comparisons of Retroviral Envelope
... view of gp41 (and, thus, Env as a whole) as a type I membrane protein, with an extracellular N-terminus, a single MSD and an approximately 150 amino acid-long cytoplasmic C-terminal tail (CTT) [2]. More recent studies, however, indicate that the CTT topology may be more dynamic and complex than prev ...
... view of gp41 (and, thus, Env as a whole) as a type I membrane protein, with an extracellular N-terminus, a single MSD and an approximately 150 amino acid-long cytoplasmic C-terminal tail (CTT) [2]. More recent studies, however, indicate that the CTT topology may be more dynamic and complex than prev ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.