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The intentionally unseen: exploring the illicit drug use of non
The intentionally unseen: exploring the illicit drug use of non

... again such populist views and interprets drug use as one of any number of normal activities that people engage. This qualitative research utilising a bricoleur ethnographic methodology focuses on the drug taking of non-treatment seeking illegal drug users. The data reveals that they manage several s ...
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 31ST EXPERT COMMITTEE
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 31ST EXPERT COMMITTEE

... Outline of the review procedure Since 1990, WHO’s review of psychoactive substances has been carried out in two steps, in accordance with the Revised Guidelines for the WHO Review of DependenceProducing Psychoactive Substances for International Control adopted by the Executive Board that same year. ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning

... neurons (Gerfen & Young, 1988; Gerfen et al., 1990; Le Moine & Bloch, 1995). The other half do not express PPE (PPE –), and thus can be phenotypically identified as striatonigral neurons (Gerfen & Young, 1988; Le Moine & Bloch, 1995). Models of basal ganglia function suggest that activation of striat ...
Hox Genes: Choreographers in Neural Development, Architects of
Hox Genes: Choreographers in Neural Development, Architects of

... generating the subtypes required for selective muscle innervation. There is also emerging evidence that Hox genes function in multiple neuronal classes to shape synaptic specificity during development, suggesting a broader role in circuit assembly. This Review highlights the functions and mechanisms ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish

... Video Analysis of Behavior The movements of the embryos were filmed using a CCD camera (Panasonic wv-bp510) mounted on a dissection microscope. Video fields (two per frame) were recorded on a VCR (Panasonic S-VHS), which was sufficient to resolve the direction, speed, and duration of slow, spontaneo ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics

... Interactions: > bleeding w/ warfarin. No MAOI's, potentially fatal reaction. Cimetidine > paroxetine plasma levels. > agitation: L-tryptophan. Phenobarbital and phytoin SE's: highly protein bound drugs. Paroxetine may < digoxin levels. > theophylline levels: theophylline. Possi ...
bruxism, oclussion and tmd
bruxism, oclussion and tmd

Neural Control - International Continence Society
Neural Control - International Continence Society

... controls and achieves statistical significance. Other categories of evidence, e.g. uncontrolled studies, inadequate statistical support, anecdotal information, hypothesis or speculation will be referred to as such. Of some importance in this field are species differences, and efforts have been made ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease

... disturbances in PD.  • Because the PPN is an integral component  of the MLR  there has been recent   exploration of this novel target. • Suportingdata in animal studies suggested  that the PPN could be a viable DBS target  for treating axial symptoms.  • There have been a number of case reports  and ...
Involvement of к/Dynorphin System in WIN 55212-2 Self
Involvement of к/Dynorphin System in WIN 55212-2 Self

... Accordingly, both pharmacological and genetic studies have provided evidence that the rewarding effects of cannabinoids are mediated by the activation of m-opioid receptors, whereas the stimulation of k-opioid receptors (KORs) by opioid peptides derived from pro-dynorphin seem to mediate their avers ...
PDF reprint - UC Davis Mathematics
PDF reprint - UC Davis Mathematics

... of debate (see reviews in Neuron vol. 24, 1999). Nevertheless, it behooves us to try to uncover the mechanisms underlying these oscillations. An understanding of how and when synchronous oscillations arise could provide insight into their function. GABAergic interneurons appear to be critically invo ...
The auditory cortex
The auditory cortex

... and Suga 1991; compare Liu and Suga 1997, this volume) compared to the three or four ®elds that may be suggested from mappings in the big brown bat, Eptesicus (Jen et al. 1989; Dear et al. 1993; compare Shen et al. 1997, this volume). The use of the number and functional speci®city of auditory corti ...
T he cardiovascular effects of erythropoietin *
T he cardiovascular effects of erythropoietin *

... hematocrit cannot explain this effect. Some studies have ...
Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross
Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross

... Paradigms used to study the response to and consequences of exposure to reward loss have been underutilized in approaches to the psychobiology of substance use disorders. We propose here that bringing these two areas into contact will help expanding our understanding of both reward loss and addictiv ...
Research Review
Research Review

... and other trauma-related disorders [see also Friedman et al., 1995; Charney et al., 1998a,b; Charney and Bremner, 1999; McEwen, 2000a,b]. Specific brain areas that play an important role in mediating the biological stress response are involved in processes of learning and memory and are preferential ...
Chapter 9 Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System

... permeability to sodium ions may trigger impulses and are thus excitatory. 2.Other neurotransmitters may decrease membrane permeability to sodium ions, reducing the chance that it will reach threshold, and are thus inhibitory. ...
About the Futile Dream of an Entirely Riskless and Fully
About the Futile Dream of an Entirely Riskless and Fully

... more humans – estimations go up to about 10,000 – were born suffering from similar malformations and several other conditions.4 And many more than 10,000 – perhaps five times more – died before any physician could explain why. All this occurred around 1960, and the teratogen5 thalidomide was the sub ...
GnRH Protein Levels in Atrazine-Treated Axolotls
GnRH Protein Levels in Atrazine-Treated Axolotls

... determination methods for axolotls do not exist. In future studies, it may be beneficial to raise all specimens into adulthood, and divide the animals up by sex to process the data. Of course, further perturbations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may also occur in older animals, or conver ...
Functional Organization of Nervous System
Functional Organization of Nervous System

... Overview of the Nervous System  One of the body’s homeostatic control systems  Contains sensors, integrating centers, and output pathways  More interneurons in a pathways  greater number of interconnections and ability to integrate information ...
Review of Shirish (Albizia lebbeck) therapeutic properties
Review of Shirish (Albizia lebbeck) therapeutic properties

... experiment, the bark decoction in dose of 0.25g to 1.0 g/kg significantly protected the guinea pig against 1% Histamine induced bronchospasm.The action started within one hour of drug administration.The decoction of flower in dose of 50mg/kg significantly protected the guinea pig against Histamine i ...
Test Bank 1
Test Bank 1

... 14. The function of the neuron's axon is to ________. a. conduct electrical impulses toward other neurons Correct: The axon takes messages away from the cell body toward other neurons. b. receive messages from neighboring neurons Incorrect: The part of the neuron responsible for receiving incoming m ...
Utilizing Chick Embryo in Ovo Model System to Study the Effects of
Utilizing Chick Embryo in Ovo Model System to Study the Effects of

... muscle & bones of the skull can lead to the possibilities of other morphological changes in the differentiation process. Related deformities have been observed by scientists in different human clinical studies. Many organs defects have been reported related to various doses of misoprostol administra ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by

... Locomotion is one of the most vivid expressions of the central nervous system in action. Looking at people walking in the street or the ballet dancer on the stage, motion seems effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated moto ...
Nerve activates contraction
Nerve activates contraction

... starts, it is propagated over the entire axon  Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane  The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration  This action requires ATP Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin C ...
Basis Functions for Object
Basis Functions for Object

... of the object on the retina, and its size. The transformation from the explicit representation to the motor command would therefore require an intermediate step such as a basis function representation of the object-centered location O, ␪0, the object position R0, and size S0. In fact, the problem is ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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