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session 36 - E-Learning/An-Najah National University
session 36 - E-Learning/An-Najah National University

... The effects of sympathetic nervous system activation continue for several minutes until its hormones are destroyed by the liver. Thus, although sympathetic nerve impulses themselves may act only briefly, the hormonal effects they provoke linger. The widespread and prolonged effects of sympathetic ac ...
Red Blood Cells: A Neglected Compartment in Pharmacokinetics
Red Blood Cells: A Neglected Compartment in Pharmacokinetics

... and cell size. The RBCs make up more than 99% of the total cellular space of blood in humans (Diem and Lentner, 1975c). RBCs occupy a volume of approximately 25 to 30 mLzkg21, of which 71% constitute an aqueous phase (Diem and Lentner, 1975a). A total of approximately 760 g of hemoglobin is containe ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding

... transient thalamic inputs to generate sustained activity in the cortex, while maintaining a balance between excitation and inhibition, two tasks that must be solved by any cortical circuit. Their circuit, although based on recordings from cat visual cortex, was also proposed as a basic theme that mi ...
Does computational neuroscience need new synaptic
Does computational neuroscience need new synaptic

... configuration of sensory data the correct output is 5.8 (regression task). The objective of supervised learning is to optimize parameters of a machine or mathematical function that takes a data point as input and predicts the output, that is, that performs a correct classification or prediction. Mac ...
Spike Train SIMilarity Space (SSIMS): A Framework for Single
Spike Train SIMilarity Space (SSIMS): A Framework for Single

... enables exploration of virtually any type of neural spiking (time series) data, providing similarity-based clustering of neural activity states with minimal assumptions about potential information encoding models. 1 Introduction Examining network function at larger and larger scales is now recognize ...
Brain Neuroprotection by Scavenging Blood Glutamate.
Brain Neuroprotection by Scavenging Blood Glutamate.

... responsible for the elimination of Glu from brain into blood while in vivo studies (Hosoya et al., 1999) have detailed the efflux of L-aspartate through the blood–brain barrier. Following this lead, we recently established (Gottlieb et al., 2003) that a rapid brain-to-blood Glu efflux indeed takes p ...
Zolmitriptan and human aggression: interaction
Zolmitriptan and human aggression: interaction

... to become aggressive under the influence of alcohol and have been called “aggressive drunks” (Ito et al. 1996); aggressive drunks tend to have higher trait levels of aggression (Giancola et al. 2005). Fifty-four percent of men and forty-three percent of women arrested for any crime reported recent a ...
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... • G. Sledge (JCO, 2005): ‘‘A targeted therapy should attack a biologically important process (usually, though not necessarily, a single molecule), preferably one central to a hallmark of cancer. The target should be measurable in the clinic, and measurement of the target (in either quantitative or q ...
Oncobiguanides: Paracelsus’ law and nonconventional routes
Oncobiguanides: Paracelsus’ law and nonconventional routes

... attributable to its indirect, endocrine-like effects, such as its insulin-lowering effects, which are generally proposed to slow tumor growth in hyperinsulinemic patients with insulin-addicted cancers, could only explain the currently www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget ...
Medullary control of nociceptive transmission
Medullary control of nociceptive transmission

... less intense and disappears in shorter time than after a large lesion, which represents the expression of a major biological protection mechanism to preserve organism integrity [1]. This proportionality between lesion and pain can be modified during intense emotional and cognitive situations [2]. Mo ...
Managing Hyperkalemia Caused by Inhibitors of the Renin
Managing Hyperkalemia Caused by Inhibitors of the Renin

... Hyperkalemia is likely to become an even more common clinical event, since ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are increasingly being used in higher doses and in combination, in the belief that these measures provide additional cardiovascular protection.7-10 Further increasing the risk ...
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition

... Extrastriate Summary Remapping occurs at early stages of the visual hierarchy. Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active ...
Lipid mediators of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced uveitis.
Lipid mediators of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced uveitis.

... Lloyd N. Fleisher, Jenny B. Ferrell, Mariberh G. Smith, and M. Christine McGahan The authors tested the hypothesis that platelet-activating factor (PAF) and cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid mediate the ocular inflammatory response to intravitreally injected tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF ...
MLAB 1315- Hematology Fall 2007 Keri Brophy
MLAB 1315- Hematology Fall 2007 Keri Brophy

... Nontropical sprue a. b. ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks

... cortex. These shifts are shown both by the staining patterns of molecular markers and, importantly, by the pattern of anatomical connectivity with the thalamus30,33. Thus, genes that control the initial arealization of the neocortex can also affect targeting of thalamocortical and corticothalamic ax ...
Ascorbic acid treatment, similarly to fluoxetine, reverses depressive
Ascorbic acid treatment, similarly to fluoxetine, reverses depressive

... Drug resistance and treatment failures are frequent with existing therapies to treat depression, adding urgency to the need for better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder and to conceive novel compounds in order to improve the clinical management of this condition. Ascorbic acid, a ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks

... cortex. These shifts are shown both by the staining patterns of molecular markers and, importantly, by the pattern of anatomical connectivity with the thalamus30,33. Thus, genes that control the initial arealization of the neocortex can also affect targeting of thalamocortical and corticothalamic ax ...
Functional Motifs Composed of Morphologically Homologous
Functional Motifs Composed of Morphologically Homologous

... from serial horizontal sections of paired, recorded, and intracellularly labeled the M-cells in r4 (black) and RSNs in r4 –r6. The detail than that in a previous study that somata of all of types of RSNs fell into tidy segments, but their dendrites protruded away from their own segments and projecte ...
Headache (Dr. Merchut) The common symptom of headache can be
Headache (Dr. Merchut) The common symptom of headache can be

... that seemed to arise from cranial blood vessels. Although there is an abnormal tendency for arterial vasodilation in migraine, current research suggests that it does not cause, but rather is an effect, of spontaneous neuronal dysfunction specific to this type of headache. Women are more apt to have ...
Five-dimensional neuroimaging: Localization of the time–frequency
Five-dimensional neuroimaging: Localization of the time–frequency

... spatial distribution of power within a specific frequency band (Robinson and Vrba, 1999). However, published studies typically employ SAM to generate static fMRI-style images using a large bandwidth and wide time window—effectively discarding the temporal resolution advantage of magnetoencephalograp ...
PDF file
PDF file

... causal for the brain. In contrast, as we will see below, hidden states are secondary and assistive to the open, primary states. In our following discussion, states of TCM mean the primary, open state by default. TCM states are rich in meanings: All brain skills are eventually expressed as the states ...
Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Pharmacoepidemiological aspects Anna K. Jönsson
Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Pharmacoepidemiological aspects Anna K. Jönsson

... the patient as well as for society. Suspected ADRs have been reported to occur in about 214% of hospitalised patients. In about 5% of deceased hospitalised patients suspected ADRs may have caused or contributed to the fatal outcome. When a pharmaceutical drug is approved for marketing, the drug has ...
Perspective CYP1A Induction and Human Risk Assessment
Perspective CYP1A Induction and Human Risk Assessment

... Among the inducers of CYP1A, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) was found to be the most potent for the induction of the enzymes. TCDD and 3-MC produce parallel log doseresponse curves for the induction of AHH activity. However, TCDD is about 30,000 times as potent as 3-MC (Poland an ...
PubMed Central CANADA
PubMed Central CANADA

... that make up the DN, as other studies have done (e.g., Harrison et al., 2008). Rather than restricting the analysis to only a pre-selected set of regions, we used an approach that examined activity across the entire brain, so that a common set of regions across task and rest conditions could be iden ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank

... 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The me ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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