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Newer Agents for the Management of Overactive Bladder
Newer Agents for the Management of Overactive Bladder

... The anticholinergics tolterodine and oxybutynin are well established in the management of overactive bladder. However, their activity at muscarinic receptors distant from the target site (i.e., bladder) produces anticholinergic side effects leading to poor tolerability. In 2004, trospium, solifenaci ...


... variabilities, resulting in target site drug levels substantially different from corresponding plasma levels5. Furthermore, most drugs, with only a few prominent exceptions, exert their pharmacological effects not within the bloodstream, but at defined target sites into which drugs have to be distri ...
Marijuana - Destiny High School
Marijuana - Destiny High School

... 2. What are inhalants? Substances whose fumes are sniffed or inhaled to give a mind-altering effect ...
Phenylpropanolamine There are four optical isomers of
Phenylpropanolamine There are four optical isomers of

... There are four optical isomers of phenylpropanolamine: d- and l-norephedrine, and d- and lnorpseudoephedrine. D-norpseudoephedrine is also known as cathine, and occurs naturally in the stimulant plant Catha edulis (khat). This isomer is commonly used in European medications described as "phenylpropa ...
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to

... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
Barbiturates - Alabama Counter Drug
Barbiturates - Alabama Counter Drug

... and Ketamine are also considered to be dissociative anesthetics]. Dissociate anesthetics are drugs that separate perception from sensation or what user’s describe as an out of body experience. 2. PCP can come in several forms, including as powder, a pill, a capsule or liquid. In addition to its many ...
Brain transcriptomes of harbor seals demonstrate gene
Brain transcriptomes of harbor seals demonstrate gene

... brain disease. To do this, we used transcriptomics to evaluate brain tissues from seven neonatal harbor seals that expired from an unknown cause of death (UCD) and compared them to four neonatal harbor seals that had confirmed phocine herpesvirus (PhV-1) infections in the brain. Comparing the two di ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC

... peripherally administered leptin. Although their excessive adiposity and hyperleptinemia likely contribute to this physiological leptin resistance, we hypothesized that Magel2 may also have an essential role in intracellular leptin responses in hypothalamic neurons. We therefore measured neuronal ac ...
Pobierz plik
Pobierz plik

... results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The value of p = 0.009295 (Table 5), therefore it showed significant result. The transdermal flux of microemulsion formulation significantly increases. Tables 5-7 summarize the statistical parameters of microemulsion. The calculated valu ...
Race modulates neural activity during imitation
Race modulates neural activity during imitation

... of race. Here we measured neural activity with fMRI while European American participants imitated meaningless gestures performed by actors of their own race, and two racial outgroups, African American, and Chinese American. Participants also passively observed the actions of these actors and their p ...
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Document

... Flurorquinolones (FQs) are a class of important synthetic antibiotics, which are active against both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria through inhibition of their DNA gyrase [1]. Their excellent pharmacokinetic profile, good tissular penetration and wide scope of activity have made these drugs very use ...
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

... urine unchanged. 2728 These different kinetics explain some of the differences in pharmacological properties between the two drugs. The most common adverse effect with any chemical is the possibility of an allergic reaction, with a maculopapular pruritic rash, that may be accompanied by eosinophilia ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons

... Destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway triggers various persistent responses, such as inflammation and increased synthesis of neural growth factors, both in striatum and in substantia nigra. The pathological processes involved in such responses are poorly characterized and could cont ...
Clinical Toxicology: Part I. Diagnosis and Management of Common Drug Overdosage  EY
Clinical Toxicology: Part I. Diagnosis and Management of Common Drug Overdosage EY

... antihistamines also have sedative effects, an overdose of these agents may present with anticholinergic symptoms, arrhythmias and central nervous system (CNS) excitatory effects, similar to tricyclic overdosage. Clinical features. Even with large doses, benzodiazepine overdosage usually does not pro ...
Synapses with short-term plasticity are optimal
Synapses with short-term plasticity are optimal

... Author contributions J.-P.P. and M.L. developed the mathematical framework. J.-P.P performed the numerical simulations. All of the authors wrote the ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect

... model to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo response. In this case, patients are given an inert substance (the placebo) and are told that it is an antiparkinsonian drug that produces an improvement in their motor performance. A recent study used positron emission tomography (PE ...
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence

... All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of th ...
Pharmacology Objectives 7
Pharmacology Objectives 7

... metabolic acidosis and an increase in Na+ and Cl- delivered to the loop of Henle. Loop Diuretics – Furosemide (or ethacrynic acid) inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter of the thick ascending loop of Henle. This causes an increase in Na+ and Cl- excretion with an associated increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ ex ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
General and cell type specific mechanisms target

... accumulates in the ciliary base and cilium in a klp-6 mutant. KLP-6 has been proposed to act as an anchor to tether PKD-2 between the ciliary membrane and microtubule axoneme or to act redundantly with the IFT machinery. TRPP1 and TRPP2 must ultimately be localized to cilia in order to conduct the s ...
A Human Vascular Model Based on Vasoconstrictive Dose-Response Effects of
A Human Vascular Model Based on Vasoconstrictive Dose-Response Effects of

... response to a small reduction in blood flow and, because tissues other than the liver are not expected to produce or consume urea, this “urea clearance” method is sensitive and selective, which makes it suitable for measuring the effects of vasoactive drugs or drug candidates. An advantage of urea c ...
Nicotine - UCSD Cognitive Science
Nicotine - UCSD Cognitive Science

... • Upregulation of receptors has been interpreted as a compensation to desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and this prolonged desensitization has been proposed as the mechanism of chronic tolerance to ...
$doc.title

... dysfunction   in   the   newborn,   with   an   incidence   of   1.5-­‐3.5/1000   in   term   newborns   and   10-­‐ 130/1000  in  preterm  newborns  (1).  Furthermore  they  are  a  major  risk  for  death  or  subsequent   neurological  dis ...
Indole alkaloids
Indole alkaloids

... and should therefore be protected from air and light. The official salt, the salicylate, is more stable than the sulphate and is non-deliquescent. ...
Evaluation of Treatment>Resistant Schizophrenia
Evaluation of Treatment>Resistant Schizophrenia

... of treating schizophrenia (Revicki et al. 1990). These facts were the basis for the enthusiasm of clinicians following demonstration of clozapine's efficacy in inpatients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (Kane et al. 1988). However, clozapine treatment is associated with substantial morbidity ...
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of

... 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). The distribution of amygdalopetal pathways which arise from the hypothalamus and preoptic area has been partly established in some experimental animals (4-6, 19, 20, 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). However, few data are available concerning the exact distribution of hypothalamic neur ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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