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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN

... it remains uncertain whether drinking milk at bedtime increases production of serotonin and melatonin, thus aiding sleep. Although we know very little about the function of sleep, it is clear that sleep is essential for survival. Sleep is an active state, at least for the brain. By placing electrode ...
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... K+ and other by-products of synaptic activity was too slow to be a credible agent for neurovascular coupling, which argued for the necessity of a more rapid initiating process. In an alternative feedforward model, neurons would directly participate in the control of blood flow by influencing the pro ...
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... membrane and how it is measured. Contrast the relative concentrations of ions in body solutions inside and outside of a cell (sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride ions). Explain how four factors determine a neuron’s resting membrane potential. Explain how a local electrical response in a neuron m ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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