167KB - NZQA
... Carboxylic acid (butanoic acid) is obtained by reacting a mixture of butan-1ol with acidified potassium dichromate solution (under reflux conditions) until all of the reactant has been converted to butanoic acid. Observations: orange Cr2O72– to green /, purple MnO4– to colourless / aldehyde condense ...
... Carboxylic acid (butanoic acid) is obtained by reacting a mixture of butan-1ol with acidified potassium dichromate solution (under reflux conditions) until all of the reactant has been converted to butanoic acid. Observations: orange Cr2O72– to green /, purple MnO4– to colourless / aldehyde condense ...
NCEA Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013
... Carboxylic acid (butanoic acid) is obtained by reacting a mixture of butan-1ol with acidified potassium dichromate solution (under reflux conditions) until all of the reactant has been converted to butanoic acid. Observations: orange Cr2O72– to green /, purple MnO4– to colourless / aldehyde condense ...
... Carboxylic acid (butanoic acid) is obtained by reacting a mixture of butan-1ol with acidified potassium dichromate solution (under reflux conditions) until all of the reactant has been converted to butanoic acid. Observations: orange Cr2O72– to green /, purple MnO4– to colourless / aldehyde condense ...
CBS Reduction
... • Sanderson and coworkers developed flow process for CBS asymmetric reduction of ketones , using chip-microreactors. • They used BH3 , (85% 2-MeTHF, 15% THF) and oxazaborolidine for reduction. • Under such reaction conditions, the reaction was complete in 10 minutes and alcohol was produced with 95% ...
... • Sanderson and coworkers developed flow process for CBS asymmetric reduction of ketones , using chip-microreactors. • They used BH3 , (85% 2-MeTHF, 15% THF) and oxazaborolidine for reduction. • Under such reaction conditions, the reaction was complete in 10 minutes and alcohol was produced with 95% ...
CC 2 097-110..7686hdisk chapter .. Page97
... observations made above by UV-Vis spectra; that is, the yield of 6 is considerably lower in neat MeOH ( ≈ 50% less) and not observed at all in neat CH3CN. These observations are consistent with a mechanism of reaction that requires a protic solvent, suggestive of excited state acid–base chemistry. I ...
... observations made above by UV-Vis spectra; that is, the yield of 6 is considerably lower in neat MeOH ( ≈ 50% less) and not observed at all in neat CH3CN. These observations are consistent with a mechanism of reaction that requires a protic solvent, suggestive of excited state acid–base chemistry. I ...
Nucleophilic
... If [OH-] is doubled, then the reaction rate may be doubled If [CH3-Br] is doubled, then the reaction rate may be doubled The rate is linearly dependent on the concentration of two reactants is called a second-order reaction (bimolecular) ...
... If [OH-] is doubled, then the reaction rate may be doubled If [CH3-Br] is doubled, then the reaction rate may be doubled The rate is linearly dependent on the concentration of two reactants is called a second-order reaction (bimolecular) ...
Study Guide for Exam 2-‐ Aldehydes and Ketones
... forming an oxaphosphetane intermediate. Thus, the electrophile is not H+ as in the previous examples but the phosphonium center. The intermediate undergoes a reverse 2+2 process to ...
... forming an oxaphosphetane intermediate. Thus, the electrophile is not H+ as in the previous examples but the phosphonium center. The intermediate undergoes a reverse 2+2 process to ...
States United Patent at
... 3-(dirnethylamino)acrylaldehyde ("3-DMA") and phosphoto the benzenoid ring formed in the cyclization reaction causes the formation of a product that is either dialkyl ryl chloride (POCl3 ) to form the corresponding meso-(2formylvinyl)porphyrins. These reactions are commonly substituted or hydroxyal. ...
... 3-(dirnethylamino)acrylaldehyde ("3-DMA") and phosphoto the benzenoid ring formed in the cyclization reaction causes the formation of a product that is either dialkyl ryl chloride (POCl3 ) to form the corresponding meso-(2formylvinyl)porphyrins. These reactions are commonly substituted or hydroxyal. ...
enantioselective zeolite-catalyzed reactions
... can be highly stereoselective, there are disadvantages associated with homogeneous catalysis: namely (1) expense of the catalyst, which is often lost upon work-up of the reaction, (2) the difficult separation of the organic ligands and metal catalyst from the resulting products, and (3) the inabilit ...
... can be highly stereoselective, there are disadvantages associated with homogeneous catalysis: namely (1) expense of the catalyst, which is often lost upon work-up of the reaction, (2) the difficult separation of the organic ligands and metal catalyst from the resulting products, and (3) the inabilit ...
ppt
... In general, the C-O bonds of ethers have low reactivity. 16.3: Physical Properties of Ethers the O-H group of alcohols act as both an H-bond donor (Lewis acid) and H-bond acceptor (Lewis base). Ethers are only H-bond acceptors (Lewis base) 16.4: Crown Ethers (Please read) ...
... In general, the C-O bonds of ethers have low reactivity. 16.3: Physical Properties of Ethers the O-H group of alcohols act as both an H-bond donor (Lewis acid) and H-bond acceptor (Lewis base). Ethers are only H-bond acceptors (Lewis base) 16.4: Crown Ethers (Please read) ...
Introduction to Organic Synthesis 2011
... neutral, but possessing a per of electron in a high energy filled orbital. The most common types of nucleophiles have non-bonding lone pair of electrons, and they usually placed on heteroatoms such as O, N, S or P. Cyanide is a good anion, and can be used to add to an electrophile such as a ketone. ...
... neutral, but possessing a per of electron in a high energy filled orbital. The most common types of nucleophiles have non-bonding lone pair of electrons, and they usually placed on heteroatoms such as O, N, S or P. Cyanide is a good anion, and can be used to add to an electrophile such as a ketone. ...
1 Chapter 8: Nucleophilic Substitution 8.1: Functional Group
... H2O or ROH. (neutral conditions) The E1 elimination product is often a minor product with the major product arising from SN1 reaction. SN2 reactions does not occur with 3° halides ...
... H2O or ROH. (neutral conditions) The E1 elimination product is often a minor product with the major product arising from SN1 reaction. SN2 reactions does not occur with 3° halides ...
Lecture 1: Key Concepts in Stereoselective Synthesis
... Overall, the reactions are exothermic but nearly ergoneutral. The electronic effect on this reaction is almost purely a result of kinetics, not thermodynamics. Factors, as the equilibrium constants, for these additions are similar (entries 2 vs. 1, 3 vs. 1). In contrast, steric properties of the ami ...
... Overall, the reactions are exothermic but nearly ergoneutral. The electronic effect on this reaction is almost purely a result of kinetics, not thermodynamics. Factors, as the equilibrium constants, for these additions are similar (entries 2 vs. 1, 3 vs. 1). In contrast, steric properties of the ami ...
Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones
... change the color of litmus paper. All reactions of aldehydes and ketones are related to the carbonyl group (the active group). Aldehydes contain a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl while ketones don’t. This difference in the chemical structure affects their chemical properties in two ways: ...
... change the color of litmus paper. All reactions of aldehydes and ketones are related to the carbonyl group (the active group). Aldehydes contain a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl while ketones don’t. This difference in the chemical structure affects their chemical properties in two ways: ...
New process of low-temperature methanol synthesis from CO/CO2
... However, similar to the BNL method, in this process CO2 and H2O act as poisons to the catalyst (RONa) and must be completely removed from syngas, making commercialization of low-temperature methanol synthesis impossible. It is well known that for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 over supported copp ...
... However, similar to the BNL method, in this process CO2 and H2O act as poisons to the catalyst (RONa) and must be completely removed from syngas, making commercialization of low-temperature methanol synthesis impossible. It is well known that for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 over supported copp ...
Chapter 8 Lecture
... mechanism. Tertiary alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution: they always react by the SN1 mechanism. Secondary alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution: they react by the SN1 mechanism in the presence of a weak nucleophile (solvolysis). SN2 mechanism in the presence of a good nucleoph ...
... mechanism. Tertiary alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution: they always react by the SN1 mechanism. Secondary alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution: they react by the SN1 mechanism in the presence of a weak nucleophile (solvolysis). SN2 mechanism in the presence of a good nucleoph ...
Exam 1 Review Sheet Chapter 15 Chemistry 110b
... acetal (e.g., acetaldehyde + 2CH3OH + H+(cat.)). Be aware of the utility of acetals and ketals [and their thio (sulfur) analogs] as protecting groups in organic synthesis. [10e, 744-750; 9e, 699-705] ...
... acetal (e.g., acetaldehyde + 2CH3OH + H+(cat.)). Be aware of the utility of acetals and ketals [and their thio (sulfur) analogs] as protecting groups in organic synthesis. [10e, 744-750; 9e, 699-705] ...
... environmental and cheaper tools to improve a wide range of processes, which will reduce energy and raw material consumption, and to generate less wastes and toxic side-products. The principal drawbacks hindering a broader applicability of enzymes are the high production cost and the low yields [1]. ...
Synthesis of (−)-Epibatidine - David A. Evans
... was obtained. The structural assignment of the major diastereomer was complicated as a result of slowly interconverting conformations as observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, even at elevated temperatures. Ultimately, the major isomer was determined to be equatorial alcohol 16 by the straightforward conv ...
... was obtained. The structural assignment of the major diastereomer was complicated as a result of slowly interconverting conformations as observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, even at elevated temperatures. Ultimately, the major isomer was determined to be equatorial alcohol 16 by the straightforward conv ...
IA Practical Report Properties of Alkanes and Alkenes
... d) Draw the reaction of 2-butene with sulphuric acid and water. Draw the reaction that would occur for cyclohexene. e) Where would this new chemical be found (in the water phase or the cyclohexene phase of the mixture)? Why? f) What chemical gave the water phase a white, cloudy appearance after the ...
... d) Draw the reaction of 2-butene with sulphuric acid and water. Draw the reaction that would occur for cyclohexene. e) Where would this new chemical be found (in the water phase or the cyclohexene phase of the mixture)? Why? f) What chemical gave the water phase a white, cloudy appearance after the ...
H3PO4 in a Direct Synthesis of Oligo–Poly(ethylene phosphate)
... During the next stages of the condensation–polyaddition steps, this sequence of reactions is repeated: presumably the (poly)pyrophosphate function is generated at the monoester chain end, adding then phosphoric acid or the . . . CH2CH2OH chain end of another macromolecule. In some experiments, we ...
... During the next stages of the condensation–polyaddition steps, this sequence of reactions is repeated: presumably the (poly)pyrophosphate function is generated at the monoester chain end, adding then phosphoric acid or the . . . CH2CH2OH chain end of another macromolecule. In some experiments, we ...
7. Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis
... Oxidation of Alkenes: Epoxidation and Hydroxylation Oxidation is addition of O, or loss of H Epoxidation results in a cyclic ether with an oxygen atom Stereochemistry of addition is syn ...
... Oxidation of Alkenes: Epoxidation and Hydroxylation Oxidation is addition of O, or loss of H Epoxidation results in a cyclic ether with an oxygen atom Stereochemistry of addition is syn ...
Baylis–Hillman reaction
The Baylis–Hillman reaction is a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction between the α-position of an activated alkene and an aldehyde, or generally a carbon electrophile. Employing a nucleophilic catalyst, such as tertiary amine and phosphine, this reaction provides a densely functionalized product (e.g. functionalized allyl alcohol in the case of aldehyde as the electrophile). This reaction is also known as the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction or MBH reaction. It is named for the Japanese chemist Ken-ichi Morita, the British chemist Anthony B. Baylis and the German chemist Melville E. D. Hillman.DABCO is one of the most frequently used tertiary amine catalysts for this reaction. In addition, nucleophilic amines such as DMAP and DBU as well as phosphines have been found to successfully catalyze this reaction.MBH reaction has several advantages as a useful synthetic method: 1) It is an atom-economic coupling of easily prepared starting materials. 2) Reaction of a pro-chiral electrophile generates a chiral center, therefore an asymmetric synthesis is possible. 3) Reaction products usually contain multiple functionalities in a proximity so that a variety of further transformations are possible. 4) It can employ a nucleophilic organo-catalytic system without the use of heavy metal under mild conditions.Several reviews have been written.