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What is topline and how do you get it?
What is topline and how do you get it?

... blocks. There are two types of amino acids, essential and non-essential. Non-essential amino acids can be manufactured by the horse and so are not a necessary part of the diet. Essential amino acids must be provided in the diet because the horse has cannot manufacture them within the body. Quality p ...
Teacher Materials
Teacher Materials

... occur in either order (A-T, T-A, C-G, G-C). The bases are thus in only four different combinations in relation to their connections with the ladder uprights, although they form many different sequences along the DNA uprights. Each base represents a “code letter .” A “code word” or codon is formed by ...
Karotype Chromosomal Abnormalities
Karotype Chromosomal Abnormalities

... CAUSE: Chromosomes don’t separate correctly during anaphase ...
Simple Sugars
Simple Sugars

... – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ...
AAA-Direct Amino Acid Analysis System
AAA-Direct Amino Acid Analysis System

... the separation of a set of 22 common amino acids. If required, the gradient program can be easily customized for particular applications. ...
Genetics and DNA Replication Notes
Genetics and DNA Replication Notes

... DNA ligase (gluer) joins or zips up the strands after they have been matched with its complement. This is a semiconservative replication process because each strand is matched with its complement and the original strand is joined with the new strand created. NOT that the two original strands are rej ...
Chapter 8
Chapter 8

... 9.Stabilizing selection is a form of natural selection that can impede changes in population. A) TRUE B) FALSE 9.Which of the following best describes directional selection? A) Two or more phenotypes are common and drive diversity B) It occurs when one extreme phenotype has an advantage over all oth ...
Protein and Carbohydrate Chemistry
Protein and Carbohydrate Chemistry

... By convention, the left amino acid in a peptide or protein is always #1; is the free amino end or the N-terminus. The farthest amino acid residue to the right is the amino acid in the protein that has the highest number and, as a general rule, is the free carboxyl end or the C-terminus. In some case ...
Organic Molecule Marshmallow Lab
Organic Molecule Marshmallow Lab

... molecules different? Gathered Information: Organic molecules all contain carbon. There are four different groups of organic molecules. Each group can be identified by the elements that comprise it and the functional groups that are present within it. The four groups of organic molecules are carbohyd ...
HL Construct your own polypeptide
HL Construct your own polypeptide

... Today you have been given a challenging task. Can you construct a polypeptide and fold it into a quaternary structure? You will be given a fictional ‘protein’ to construct that is 10 amino acids in length You will need to show all 4 stages of folding (primary, secondary both beta sheet and alpha hel ...
Solutions to 7
Solutions to 7

... In variant 2, one of the 2 hydrogen bonds remains, as does the hydrophobic pocket, and given the information this is enough to allow binding. In variant 3, both hydrogen bonds have been lost, and this disrupts the binding. ii) variant 5 will bind Minoxidil but variant 4 will not bind Minoxidil. In v ...
Protein Physics
Protein Physics

... •The 3D structure of proteins has been shown already in 1860 by Hoppe-Zeiler. •Hemoglobin crystals: in a crystal each atom occupies a unique place. •The question whether the structure of a protein in a crystal is the same as in •solution has been solved by NMR. Where proteins can be seen live in sol ...
Decoding DNA - Children`s Medical Research Institute
Decoding DNA - Children`s Medical Research Institute

... 2. Explain to students thatin the words they have been given, each letter corresponds to a set of 3 squares in a certain colour combination (e.g. the letter ‘A’ might correspond to the squares:‘black-light grey-light grey’). To work out the code, students match each letter of the known word (i.e. ‘ ...
http://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets
http://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets

... The coded amino acids were changed significantly. 3) What happens to the amino acid chain if the frame shift results in an RNA codon of UAA, UAG, or UGA? These are termination codons. Translation will stop prematurely. 4) How will the changes in amino acids affect the protein that is expressed by th ...
biochem 37 [4-20
biochem 37 [4-20

...  Transport defect of neutral AAs (Iso, Leu, Phe, Thr, Try, & Val) in both intestines and renal tubules i. system B0 [Nupnup, mmm….turkey--tryptophan] ...
B - Basic information
B - Basic information

... a3- Recognise oxidation reactions types, mode of action and effects. b - Intellectual skills: On successful completion of the course, the student should be able to. b1- Interpret glycogenolysis, glucogenesis and gluconeogenesis. b2- Link oxidation reaction mode of action and their effects. c - Pract ...
Questions, chapter 14
Questions, chapter 14

... "peptide anticodon" that binds to and specifically recognizes the stop codon. When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, RF1 or RF2 binds to the codon using its three amino acid peptide anticodon, and another region of the protein (containing the short amino acid sequence GGQ) interacts with the pep ...
Mutations - Biology Junction
Mutations - Biology Junction

... nucleotide sequence of DNA • May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring) • May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring ...
Genetics and Heredity
Genetics and Heredity

... Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a dysfunctional enzyme that fails to break down brain lipids of a certain class. Is proportionately high incidence of TaySachs disease among Ashkenazic Jews, Jewish people whose ancestors lived in central Europe Sickle-cell disease, which affects one out of 400 Africa ...
Test your nucleic acid knowledge!
Test your nucleic acid knowledge!

... Method used to evaluate the purity of a nucleic acid preparation. ...
Mutations - Beaver Local School District
Mutations - Beaver Local School District

... nucleotide sequence of DNA • May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring) • May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring ...
Protocol can be had here.
Protocol can be had here.

... In order to make a construct with no pre-existing sequence in the BioBricks repository, you will need to amplify the gene using PCR primers. Designing PCR primers is based on approximately 15 base pair complementary regions to the template DNA. Primer-BLAST2 is an online program that can allow such ...
large bases - De Anza College
large bases - De Anza College

... DNA repair involves comparing the daughter strand to the parent DNA template to check for mistakes ...
Lecture 13 - 14 Conformation of proteins Conformation of a protein
Lecture 13 - 14 Conformation of proteins Conformation of a protein

... Conformation of proteins Conformation of a protein refers to the three-dimensional structure in its native state. There are many different possible conformations for a molecule as large as a protein. A protein can perform its function only when it is in its native condition. Due to the complexity of ...
Lecture 14: Protein and Fat Synthesis
Lecture 14: Protein and Fat Synthesis

... complex. Then, there is a condensation of the latter so that a 4 – C unit is produced. This unit by next three reactions i.e. reduction, dehydration and reduction is converted into saturated 4 – C unit (i.e. butyryl – CoA). In acyl transfer reaction the fatty acid residue is transferred back to the ...
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Genetic code



The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Biological decoding is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by mRNA, using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.The code defines how sequences of these nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. Because the vast majority of genes are encoded with exactly the same code (see the RNA codon table), this particular code is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though in fact some variant codes have evolved. For example, protein synthesis in human mitochondria relies on a genetic code that differs from the standard genetic code.While the genetic code determines the protein sequence for a given coding region, other genomic regions can influence when and where these proteins are produced.
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