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Distance - Fixed Earth
Distance - Fixed Earth

... Fact One: The incomprehensibly old and vast universe that has been taught as scientific truth for generations is first and foremost an evolutionary concept from start to finish. Fact Two: This evolutionary concept includes the acceptance of a belief that the Earth itself evolved c. 4 1/2 billion yea ...
Space environment
Space environment

Solar System - New Haven Science
Solar System - New Haven Science

... Planetary Day – the length of time it takes for a planet to complete one full rotation on its axis. It varies among the planets. Planetary Year – the length of time it takes for a planet to complete one full orbit around the Sun. Reflect – Revolve (Revolution) – to follow a path (circular or ellipti ...
The Stellar Cycle
The Stellar Cycle

... While the exterior layers expand, the helium core continues to contract, while growing in mass, and eventually becomes hot enough (100 million Kelvin) for helium to begin to fuse into carbon Carbon ash is deposited in core and eventually a helium-burning shell develops. This shell is itself surround ...
Section 19.3
Section 19.3

Chap4-Timing
Chap4-Timing

...  Fate of planetary systems during the red giant phase.  All planets within the final extent of the red giant envelope will be engulfed and migrate inwards.  Planets further out will have greater chance of survival, migrating outwards as mass is lost from central star.  In mass is loss instantane ...
Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited
Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited

Daily Communication Skills
Daily Communication Skills

... Example #1: You are on trial for a crime and learn that the jury is “disinterested” in your case. Is this good or bad news? The word “disinterested” means ‘unbiased, and that characteristic of a jury is good if you are ever on trial. Example #2: What do “rotation” and “revolution” mean? Is it correc ...
Grade Nine Planetarium script
Grade Nine Planetarium script

... Show how to use the pointer stars to find the little dipper, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Cygnus, and Draco. b) Show how to measure angles with you fist (10 degrees) and finger (1 degree) at arms length. c) imagine pouring water out of the cup of the big dipper. follow the line of the pointer stars in that ...
Chapter 2: The Copernican Revolution
Chapter 2: The Copernican Revolution

... The stars twinkle, and the planets don’t, which shows that they have a vast space between them.  Also,  the stationary objects (stars) must be properly separated from the moving parts of the universe (the  planets).  Are these good arguments?  Kepler pointed out that the value and significance of an ...
Lecture 13 (pdf from the powerpoint)
Lecture 13 (pdf from the powerpoint)

... • Stars change very little over a human lifespan, so it is impossible to follow a single star from birth to death. • We observe stars at various stages of evolution, and can piece together a description of the evolution of stars in ...
FREE Sample Here
FREE Sample Here

... 2 percent of this material into heavier elements, including all the elements of which we and Earth are made. Stars expel this material through winds and explosions, and the galaxy recycles it into new generations of stars. When a new star system forms, it therefore contains the ingredients needed to ...
How far away are the Stars?
How far away are the Stars?

name: :________period
name: :________period

... d. They are small and have rocky surfaces. ____ 22. Aside from Earth, which inner planet once had water on its surface? a. Mercury. b. Europa. c. Venus. d. Mars. ____ 23. The atmospheres of the gas giant planets cannot escape into space because a. the gases are too heavy. b. the gases solidify at hi ...
Flipped Lesson Final Jared Andrew Austin
Flipped Lesson Final Jared Andrew Austin

... 9. The sun rotates on its axis approximately once every 26 days. The sun is made of gas, which is why its different parts rotate at different speeds. The fastest rotation is around the equator and the slowest rotation is at the sun’s polar regions (more than 30 days). 10. The sun changes. No matter ...
Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited
Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited

... 1997, Schröder 1998). Because of the low mass and a nonconvective core, solar evolution models are, however, not subject to any MS (main sequence) core-overshooting. In use, the code is very fast, and mass-loss is accepted simply as an outer boundary condition. As already pointed out by VandenBerg ...
Why Pluto Is Not a Planet Anymore or How Astronomical Objects Get
Why Pluto Is Not a Planet Anymore or How Astronomical Objects Get

... classical mythology as well as astronomy, and considered the name, a name for the god of the underworld, appropriate for such a presumably dark and cold world. She suggested it in a conversation with her grandfather Falconer Madan, a former librarian at the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Library. M ...
Basics – II. Time, Magnitudes and Spectral types
Basics – II. Time, Magnitudes and Spectral types

The Milky Way`s Spiral Arms
The Milky Way`s Spiral Arms

Solar System Formation Reading
Solar System Formation Reading

... Role of Comets: while the volume of the original nebula was huge in the outer solar system and led to large numbers of "iceballs" being generated, they did not all accrete into planets. Many were scattered out into a spherical cloud about 100,000 AU across - the Oort cloud. These comets were occasio ...
A scenario of planet erosion by coronal radiation*
A scenario of planet erosion by coronal radiation*

... dependence of the erosion line on mass, combined with the mass distribution observed in Fig. 2, confirms that FX is the main variable, with few massive planets surviving exposure to high radiation as discussed below. The distribution of density with mass displayed in Fig. 3 is also consistent with t ...
how to precisely measure astronomic periods of time
how to precisely measure astronomic periods of time

... gods anymore, which they certainly were considered to be by the archaic societies. We now know very much about the rather complicated movements in our solar system. Besides the Earth’s uniform spin (at least within several 10000 years) around its axis and its non-uniform rotation along an ellipse – ...
Note Packet
Note Packet

... Constellations are groupings of stars that make an imaginary image in the night sky. They have been named after mythological characters, people, animals and objects. In different parts of the world, people have made up different shapes out of the same groups of bright stars. It is like a game of con ...
The Milky Way - 清華大學物理系歡迎頁 Welcome to
The Milky Way - 清華大學物理系歡迎頁 Welcome to

The Milky Way - Midlandstech
The Milky Way - Midlandstech

... B. The Evolution of Star Clusters IV. Evidence of Evolution: Variable Stars A. Cepheid and RR Lyrae Variable Stars B. Pulsating Stars C. Period Changes in Variable Stars ...
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Rare Earth hypothesis



In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth Hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity such as sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms on Earth (and, subsequently, human intelligence) required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances. The hypothesis argues that complex extraterrestrial life is a very improbable phenomenon and likely to be extremely rare. The term ""Rare Earth"" originates from Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe (2000), a book by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald E. Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist, both faculty members at the University of Washington.An alternative view point was argued by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, among others. It holds that Earth is a typical rocky planet in a typical planetary system, located in a non-exceptional region of a common barred-spiral galaxy. Given the principle of mediocrity (also called the Copernican principle), it is probable that the universe teems with complex life. Ward and Brownlee argue to the contrary: that planets, planetary systems, and galactic regions that are as friendly to complex life as are the Earth, the Solar System, and our region of the Milky Way are very rare.
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