Standards
... As an assessment tool the students could draw a blank H-R diagram on their whiteboards then as you tell them a star’s characteristics they could plot the star on the diagram. Life cycle/Stellar Evolution – The students now know how stars are classified and have delved a bit into how they change type ...
... As an assessment tool the students could draw a blank H-R diagram on their whiteboards then as you tell them a star’s characteristics they could plot the star on the diagram. Life cycle/Stellar Evolution – The students now know how stars are classified and have delved a bit into how they change type ...
Astronomy
... • Should have been much fainter when life arose – Solar evolution models predict this – Roughly 25% less solar energy flux on Earth – Would have caused a 7% temperature drop • Corresponds to ~20 degrees celsius colder ...
... • Should have been much fainter when life arose – Solar evolution models predict this – Roughly 25% less solar energy flux on Earth – Would have caused a 7% temperature drop • Corresponds to ~20 degrees celsius colder ...
Abiotic formation of O2 and O3 in high
... Volcanic outgassing of H2 and other reduced species was included in most, but not all, of the model calculations. For H2 , we used the present volcanic outgassing rate ∼ 5 × 1012 mol yr−1 , or ∼ 2 × 1010 cm−2 s−1 (Holland 2002). Sleep and Bird (2007) argue for an H2 outgassing rate that is lower by ...
... Volcanic outgassing of H2 and other reduced species was included in most, but not all, of the model calculations. For H2 , we used the present volcanic outgassing rate ∼ 5 × 1012 mol yr−1 , or ∼ 2 × 1010 cm−2 s−1 (Holland 2002). Sleep and Bird (2007) argue for an H2 outgassing rate that is lower by ...
File
... A star’s spectral type (OBAFGKM) tells us its surface temperature, because different sets of lines form more easily at different temperatures. Color can also be used as a rough measure of surface temperature; for example, a blue star is hotter than a red star. ...
... A star’s spectral type (OBAFGKM) tells us its surface temperature, because different sets of lines form more easily at different temperatures. Color can also be used as a rough measure of surface temperature; for example, a blue star is hotter than a red star. ...
Astronomy 150 The Planets
... of the planet. Each of the four regions are divided into 6 smaller regions that each have a surface area of 87,838 km2 . The total area of the 6 small regions is 527,028 km2 . At the upper right, and lower left corner of the images is a black dot that represents the size of a 10 km craters on the im ...
... of the planet. Each of the four regions are divided into 6 smaller regions that each have a surface area of 87,838 km2 . The total area of the 6 small regions is 527,028 km2 . At the upper right, and lower left corner of the images is a black dot that represents the size of a 10 km craters on the im ...
Phase light curves for extrasolar Jupiter and Saturn
... instruments from the ground (Collier-Cameron references) and space (MOST references) are capable of detecting variations of the order 10−4 − 10−6 of the total star light (Jenkins & Doyle 2003; Green et al. 2003), at the limit of what might be expected from the class of ”hot Jupiter” planets, i. e., ...
... instruments from the ground (Collier-Cameron references) and space (MOST references) are capable of detecting variations of the order 10−4 − 10−6 of the total star light (Jenkins & Doyle 2003; Green et al. 2003), at the limit of what might be expected from the class of ”hot Jupiter” planets, i. e., ...
November, 2015 - The Baton Rouge Astronomical Society
... One big early surprise (1995) was the ground-based discovery of “hot Jupiters:” gas giants the size of Jupiter in orbits around their parent stars much closer than Venus—or even Mercury—is to the Sun. How does something that massive form so close to a parent star? Would there have been enough materi ...
... One big early surprise (1995) was the ground-based discovery of “hot Jupiters:” gas giants the size of Jupiter in orbits around their parent stars much closer than Venus—or even Mercury—is to the Sun. How does something that massive form so close to a parent star? Would there have been enough materi ...
Uranus
... o Spacecraft voyager2 has visited Uranus to collect information about the planet. o Uranus was the first planet discovered by scientists. o Uranus was discovered accidentally because William Herschel was looking at the stars with his telescope when he spotted Uranus. ...
... o Spacecraft voyager2 has visited Uranus to collect information about the planet. o Uranus was the first planet discovered by scientists. o Uranus was discovered accidentally because William Herschel was looking at the stars with his telescope when he spotted Uranus. ...
ABSTRACT Exoplanet Habitability and an Analysis of Gliese 436 b
... for habitable exoplanets in the Milky Way.8 The transit method is similar to an eclipse of the moon. An exoplanet orbits in front of its host star as viewed from earth.8 A photon counting camera can then detect the decrease in perceived brightness from the host star.9 A light curve is then produced ...
... for habitable exoplanets in the Milky Way.8 The transit method is similar to an eclipse of the moon. An exoplanet orbits in front of its host star as viewed from earth.8 A photon counting camera can then detect the decrease in perceived brightness from the host star.9 A light curve is then produced ...
Stellar Masses
... sources at work. At the high interior temperatures that characterize high-mass stars, all of the atoms are fully ionized and scattering of x-rays from free electrons dominates the opacity, with no temperature dependence. At lower temperatures, atoms are only partially ionized, and there is a strong ...
... sources at work. At the high interior temperatures that characterize high-mass stars, all of the atoms are fully ionized and scattering of x-rays from free electrons dominates the opacity, with no temperature dependence. At lower temperatures, atoms are only partially ionized, and there is a strong ...
How we found about BLACK HOLES
... The stars in the Universe are collected into large groups called galaxies. Our own galaxy is made up of about 120 thousand million stars. That means there are about 3 thousand million stars alone in our own galaxy with masses that are over Chandrasekhar’s limit. A few are even as much as 60 or 70 ti ...
... The stars in the Universe are collected into large groups called galaxies. Our own galaxy is made up of about 120 thousand million stars. That means there are about 3 thousand million stars alone in our own galaxy with masses that are over Chandrasekhar’s limit. A few are even as much as 60 or 70 ti ...
Astronomical Facts `n Stuff
... Absolute Brightness (Absolute Magnitude) A measure of the true brightness of an object. The absolute brightness or magnitude of an object is the apparent brightness or magnitude it would have if it were located exactly 32.6 light-years (10 parsecs) away. Absolute Magnitude A scale for measuring the ...
... Absolute Brightness (Absolute Magnitude) A measure of the true brightness of an object. The absolute brightness or magnitude of an object is the apparent brightness or magnitude it would have if it were located exactly 32.6 light-years (10 parsecs) away. Absolute Magnitude A scale for measuring the ...
The physico-chemical history of Falling Evaporating Bodies around
... the bodies very close to 1 (without changing their semimajor axis), putting them on star-grazing orbits within ∼104 planetary revolutions. This model is by far the best match with the observed orbital properties of FEBs when they reach the star-grazer state. Depending on the orbital semi-major axis ...
... the bodies very close to 1 (without changing their semimajor axis), putting them on star-grazing orbits within ∼104 planetary revolutions. This model is by far the best match with the observed orbital properties of FEBs when they reach the star-grazer state. Depending on the orbital semi-major axis ...
Thinking Outside the Sphere
... them in his star catalog. It is printed for the first time in this edition of his Almagest. On this page, the decorated initial letter “B” shows one astronomer making observations while the another records them. The sphere of the fixed stars was at the perimeter of Ptolemy’s astronomical system, but ...
... them in his star catalog. It is printed for the first time in this edition of his Almagest. On this page, the decorated initial letter “B” shows one astronomer making observations while the another records them. The sphere of the fixed stars was at the perimeter of Ptolemy’s astronomical system, but ...
A Perspective from Extinct Radionuclides on a Young
... & Ida 1998, Safronov 1969, Wetherill & Stewart 1989). Collision of these embryos is believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets such as Earth (12,742 km) (Chambers & Wetherill 1998). At some point in this evolution, nebular gas not accreted onto the protostar was lost by photoevapor ...
... & Ida 1998, Safronov 1969, Wetherill & Stewart 1989). Collision of these embryos is believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets such as Earth (12,742 km) (Chambers & Wetherill 1998). At some point in this evolution, nebular gas not accreted onto the protostar was lost by photoevapor ...
Sky-High 2015 - Irish Astronomical Society
... a half metres in front of your eye, it would just about cover the Moon's disk. The Sun is nearly 1.4 million km in diameter, the Moon is 3476 km and the one Euro coin is just over two centimetres in size. Yet they appear nearly equal. This is because they all seem to take up the same amount of the s ...
... a half metres in front of your eye, it would just about cover the Moon's disk. The Sun is nearly 1.4 million km in diameter, the Moon is 3476 km and the one Euro coin is just over two centimetres in size. Yet they appear nearly equal. This is because they all seem to take up the same amount of the s ...
Unit 1 test review and answer key 16
... telescopes can reveal characteristics of celestial objects that optical telescopes could not do. Radio telescopes might be able to pick up radio signals from other planets. 26. ANS: F Only one small part of the electromagnetic spectrum consists of the energy that forms visible light. 27. ANS: F A ga ...
... telescopes can reveal characteristics of celestial objects that optical telescopes could not do. Radio telescopes might be able to pick up radio signals from other planets. 26. ANS: F Only one small part of the electromagnetic spectrum consists of the energy that forms visible light. 27. ANS: F A ga ...
Main-Sequence Stars and the Sun
... wanted to describe it in astronomical nomenclature, we would call it a G2V star. Its spectral class is G2, and its luminosity class is V. Be careful not to confuse type V main-sequence stars with white dwarfs, which are much smaller. White dwarfs will be discussed in Chapter 9. ...
... wanted to describe it in astronomical nomenclature, we would call it a G2V star. Its spectral class is G2, and its luminosity class is V. Be careful not to confuse type V main-sequence stars with white dwarfs, which are much smaller. White dwarfs will be discussed in Chapter 9. ...
Electronic version of lab manual 1-6 ()
... over the run. Once you find the value of m, you can solve for b. The value of b can also be determined by inspection.) ALGEBRA and RATIOS Understanding astronomical sizes and distances can be difficult as they are often so large that they go beyond our everyday comprehension. One way to appreciate t ...
... over the run. Once you find the value of m, you can solve for b. The value of b can also be determined by inspection.) ALGEBRA and RATIOS Understanding astronomical sizes and distances can be difficult as they are often so large that they go beyond our everyday comprehension. One way to appreciate t ...
FREE Sample Here
... 26. Assume the size of the Sun is represented by a baseball with the Earth is about 15 meters (150 million km or 8 light minutes) away. How far away, to scale, would the nearest stars to the Sun be? Pick the closest answer. a. About the distance between New York and Boston. (330 km) b. 100 meters aw ...
... 26. Assume the size of the Sun is represented by a baseball with the Earth is about 15 meters (150 million km or 8 light minutes) away. How far away, to scale, would the nearest stars to the Sun be? Pick the closest answer. a. About the distance between New York and Boston. (330 km) b. 100 meters aw ...
Journey through the cosmos
... It is called the Milky Way because it looks like a giant splash or river of milk across a dark sky. But you probably haven’t seen it look like this, unless you live somewhere a long way away from a town. Until 150 years ago, the Milky Way was the most obvious thing in the night sky. Light pollution ...
... It is called the Milky Way because it looks like a giant splash or river of milk across a dark sky. But you probably haven’t seen it look like this, unless you live somewhere a long way away from a town. Until 150 years ago, the Milky Way was the most obvious thing in the night sky. Light pollution ...
AST1100 Lecture Notes
... mass of the Sun will live 8 times longer (which is much longer than the age of the universe). A star with two times the mass of the Sun will live only 1/8 or roughly 109 years. The most massive stars only live for a few million years. We see from equation 3 that this can be explained by the fact tha ...
... mass of the Sun will live 8 times longer (which is much longer than the age of the universe). A star with two times the mass of the Sun will live only 1/8 or roughly 109 years. The most massive stars only live for a few million years. We see from equation 3 that this can be explained by the fact tha ...
2. The Anatomy of Stellar Life and Death
... stars, still condensing from the remains of the cloud. Many glorious examples of these nebulae are known, the nebula in Orion perhaps being the most famous. Around the central Trapezium cluster of O-class stars exists a multitude of protostars still surrounded by discs of gas and dust. Many show the ...
... stars, still condensing from the remains of the cloud. Many glorious examples of these nebulae are known, the nebula in Orion perhaps being the most famous. Around the central Trapezium cluster of O-class stars exists a multitude of protostars still surrounded by discs of gas and dust. Many show the ...
Homologous Stellar Models and Polytropes Main Sequence Stars
... Main Sequence Star Characteristics – I Main Sequence stars obey several relations: • As already shown by homology, L ∝ M a5 where for low-mass and highmass stars a5 = 5.5 and a5 = 3.0 were deduced respectively. The flattening at higher masses is due to the increased contribution of radiation pressu ...
... Main Sequence Star Characteristics – I Main Sequence stars obey several relations: • As already shown by homology, L ∝ M a5 where for low-mass and highmass stars a5 = 5.5 and a5 = 3.0 were deduced respectively. The flattening at higher masses is due to the increased contribution of radiation pressu ...
Unravelling the Origin and Evolution of Our Galaxy
... than our Sun. These are all within a distance of about 100 light-years. The planets detectable by this method are rather massive, comparable to Jupiter (which has about 300 times the mass of Earth). The systems have some surprising properties: two thirds of these giant planets are orbiting their hos ...
... than our Sun. These are all within a distance of about 100 light-years. The planets detectable by this method are rather massive, comparable to Jupiter (which has about 300 times the mass of Earth). The systems have some surprising properties: two thirds of these giant planets are orbiting their hos ...
Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and sustain life. Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body, a theoretical process known as panspermia. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favourable to life's flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as ""extended regions of liquid water, conditions favourable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism.""In determining the habitability potential of a body, studies focus on its bulk composition, orbital properties, atmosphere, and potential chemical interactions. Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity, stable variability, and high metallicity. Rocky, terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research, although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies.The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one, though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science. The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field. The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies. The discovery of extrasolar planets, beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter, has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life. These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System.The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10–17 million years old. According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life—distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and other small Solar System bodies—may exist throughout the universe. Nonetheless, Earth is the only place in the universe known to harbor life. Estimates of habitable zones around other stars, along with the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets and new insights into the extreme habitats here on Earth, suggest that there may be many more habitable places in the universe than considered possible until very recently. On 4 November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to the scientists.