AP® BIOLOGY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)
... (b) Discuss how the immune system responds to an initial pathogenic exposure, and how this initial exposure can lead to a quicker response following a second exposure to the same pathogen. One point for each of the following explanations/identifications (6 points maximum): • APCs (macrophages, dendr ...
... (b) Discuss how the immune system responds to an initial pathogenic exposure, and how this initial exposure can lead to a quicker response following a second exposure to the same pathogen. One point for each of the following explanations/identifications (6 points maximum): • APCs (macrophages, dendr ...
CHAPTER 19 Natural Defenses Against Disease
... – T cell surface protein CD4 – cytokines – effector phase results in active plasma cells ...
... – T cell surface protein CD4 – cytokines – effector phase results in active plasma cells ...
Cells of the Immune System-I
... 2. Why is the vaccine against tetanus always effective, whereas the vaccine against influenza protects on some occasions but not others? ...
... 2. Why is the vaccine against tetanus always effective, whereas the vaccine against influenza protects on some occasions but not others? ...
Receptors
... important for appropriate functions • Identification of lack of self – can start reaction (Ca decrease amount of MHC I molecules, that enable Natural Killers – NK cells – to destroy self cells) • Recognition of foreign – via 2 types of receptors: - PRR – on cell surface membrane of as soluble molecu ...
... important for appropriate functions • Identification of lack of self – can start reaction (Ca decrease amount of MHC I molecules, that enable Natural Killers – NK cells – to destroy self cells) • Recognition of foreign – via 2 types of receptors: - PRR – on cell surface membrane of as soluble molecu ...
The One and Only… The Famous… IMMUNE SYSTEM!!!!
... • Antibodies- specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with antigen. • Autoantibody- antibodies against self antigen that attack own body's tissues. • Lymphatic tissue- contains many leukocytes; filters body fluids, removes foreign matter, immune response. • Bone marrow-source of stem ...
... • Antibodies- specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with antigen. • Autoantibody- antibodies against self antigen that attack own body's tissues. • Lymphatic tissue- contains many leukocytes; filters body fluids, removes foreign matter, immune response. • Bone marrow-source of stem ...
HBImmunity
... Helper T (T4 or CD4) cells must be activated. Once activated they secrete interleukin proteins to promote an immune response. For example the secretion of interleukin-2 amplifies both the humoral and cell-mediated response, bringing into play B-cells. Suppressor T-Cells (T8 or CD*) suppress the acti ...
... Helper T (T4 or CD4) cells must be activated. Once activated they secrete interleukin proteins to promote an immune response. For example the secretion of interleukin-2 amplifies both the humoral and cell-mediated response, bringing into play B-cells. Suppressor T-Cells (T8 or CD*) suppress the acti ...
more information about Human GM-CSF (rec
... GM-CSF was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in respons ...
... GM-CSF was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in respons ...
Immunology Terms Phagocytosis- method of engulfing and
... Phagocytosis- method of engulfing and digesting and ultimately presenting antigens to immune system. Neutrophils- phagocytic white blood cells. Monocytes- white blood cells that migrate to tissues and mature into macrophages Macrophages- phagocytic antigen presenting cells Eosinophils- white blood c ...
... Phagocytosis- method of engulfing and digesting and ultimately presenting antigens to immune system. Neutrophils- phagocytic white blood cells. Monocytes- white blood cells that migrate to tissues and mature into macrophages Macrophages- phagocytic antigen presenting cells Eosinophils- white blood c ...
Wounds: Care and Treatment
... • The efficient and orderly processes lost and the wounds are locked in to the state of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. • This is associated with abundant neutrophil infiltration, reactive oxygen species and district in enzymes. ...
... • The efficient and orderly processes lost and the wounds are locked in to the state of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. • This is associated with abundant neutrophil infiltration, reactive oxygen species and district in enzymes. ...
Think, think, think…
... provide protection against harmful substances and pathogens that may enter the body through the nose or mouth. • Why did they used to remove tonsils a few years ago? ...
... provide protection against harmful substances and pathogens that may enter the body through the nose or mouth. • Why did they used to remove tonsils a few years ago? ...
Defences: the immune system
... antigens leading to their neutralisation or destruction. B cells and T cells have receptors on their surface membranes. These can combine with a specific antigen in a ‘lock and key’ manner to stimulate a response by the cell. During their development each cell is programmed to react to a specific an ...
... antigens leading to their neutralisation or destruction. B cells and T cells have receptors on their surface membranes. These can combine with a specific antigen in a ‘lock and key’ manner to stimulate a response by the cell. During their development each cell is programmed to react to a specific an ...
Immunity
... Antibody-Mediated Immune Response • B cell responds to one particular extracellular pathogen or toxin • Activated B cell forms clones that differentiate into effector and memory cells • Effector B cells secrete antibodies that tag antigens for destruction ...
... Antibody-Mediated Immune Response • B cell responds to one particular extracellular pathogen or toxin • Activated B cell forms clones that differentiate into effector and memory cells • Effector B cells secrete antibodies that tag antigens for destruction ...
Introduction to Blood
... - First contact between a CTL or NK cell with infected cells is via non-specific binding of adhesion molecules (LFA-1 (blue) on T and NK cells with ICAM-1 or ICAM-2 (brown) on target cells). This makes a channel between the target and the cytotoxic cell. - Specific antigen/MHC class I recognition by ...
... - First contact between a CTL or NK cell with infected cells is via non-specific binding of adhesion molecules (LFA-1 (blue) on T and NK cells with ICAM-1 or ICAM-2 (brown) on target cells). This makes a channel between the target and the cytotoxic cell. - Specific antigen/MHC class I recognition by ...
Mature T cells
... Naive T cells that have recognized antigen without costimulation may become unresponsive to subsequent exposure to antigen, even if costimulations are present anergy. Microbes, and cytokines produced during innate immune responses to microbes, induce the expression of costimulation, such as B7 mol ...
... Naive T cells that have recognized antigen without costimulation may become unresponsive to subsequent exposure to antigen, even if costimulations are present anergy. Microbes, and cytokines produced during innate immune responses to microbes, induce the expression of costimulation, such as B7 mol ...
Nature of The Immune System
... (neutrophils and monocytes). may pass through the bloodstream and reach organs such as the liver and spleen where they come into contact with tissue macrophages. ...
... (neutrophils and monocytes). may pass through the bloodstream and reach organs such as the liver and spleen where they come into contact with tissue macrophages. ...
Chapter 43: The Immune System
... T cell receptor—consists of α-chain, β-chain linked by disulfide bridge; transmembrane region anchors molecule in plasma membrane; V regions for single antigen-binding site; recognize fragments of antigens bound to normal MHC surface proteins ...
... T cell receptor—consists of α-chain, β-chain linked by disulfide bridge; transmembrane region anchors molecule in plasma membrane; V regions for single antigen-binding site; recognize fragments of antigens bound to normal MHC surface proteins ...
Rationale
... An antigen enters the system The antigen is taken up, processed, and presented on the surface of APC and local cells APC cells present epitope to T4 helper cells T4 cells stimulate T8 cytotoxic cells to destroy local cells that have taken up the antigen. T4 cells release cytokines that initiated an ...
... An antigen enters the system The antigen is taken up, processed, and presented on the surface of APC and local cells APC cells present epitope to T4 helper cells T4 cells stimulate T8 cytotoxic cells to destroy local cells that have taken up the antigen. T4 cells release cytokines that initiated an ...
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function. The majority of human T cells rearrange their alpha/beta T cell receptors and are termed alpha beta T cells and are part of adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells, which comprise a minority of T cells in the human body (more frequent in ruminants), have invariant TCR (with limited diversity), can effectively present antigens to other T cells and are considered to be part of the innate immune system.