Contributions of Retinal Ganglion Cells to
... natural wonder; it is about as thick as a credit card and yet contains all the necessary machinery for converting light into a rich array of electrical signals that the brain can understand and unpack to create visual percepts (Azeredo da Silveira & Roska 2011). The brain then uses these signals to ...
... natural wonder; it is about as thick as a credit card and yet contains all the necessary machinery for converting light into a rich array of electrical signals that the brain can understand and unpack to create visual percepts (Azeredo da Silveira & Roska 2011). The brain then uses these signals to ...
Morphological Identification of Cell Death in Dorsal Root Ganglion
... Fig. 1. Hoechst staining and percentage of surviving neurons after the surgery in four groups. (A) Hoechst staining of L5 DRG neurons. Arrows show normal nucleuses of DRG neurons (1000×); (B) quantitation of surviving neurons from sham, axotomy, epineurial suture, and autograft groups 12 weeks after ...
... Fig. 1. Hoechst staining and percentage of surviving neurons after the surgery in four groups. (A) Hoechst staining of L5 DRG neurons. Arrows show normal nucleuses of DRG neurons (1000×); (B) quantitation of surviving neurons from sham, axotomy, epineurial suture, and autograft groups 12 weeks after ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... diminished). The temporal modulations of voltage in simple cells induced by high-contrast drifting sinusoidal gratings, though smaller in the cooled condition, showed identical orientation tuning in the control and cooled conditions, suggesting that the tuning of a cell’s full set of inputs follows ...
... diminished). The temporal modulations of voltage in simple cells induced by high-contrast drifting sinusoidal gratings, though smaller in the cooled condition, showed identical orientation tuning in the control and cooled conditions, suggesting that the tuning of a cell’s full set of inputs follows ...
amino acid uptake, content, and metabolism by neuronal and glial
... exhibited a heterogeneous size and morphology, indicating that several cell types were present. The top band of the 60% gradient (fraction 4) was comprised almost entirely of nucleated cell bodies (Fig. 10). As with fraction 3, several types of cells were present in this fraction, but in both of the ...
... exhibited a heterogeneous size and morphology, indicating that several cell types were present. The top band of the 60% gradient (fraction 4) was comprised almost entirely of nucleated cell bodies (Fig. 10). As with fraction 3, several types of cells were present in this fraction, but in both of the ...
Auris Nasus Larynx 34 (2008) 1-10
... is important in understanding the vulnerability of this otolith-canal interrelationship. In the mammalian ear, where numerical data are available for the innervation of individual vestibular sense organs (guinea pig, monkey), the number of afferent neural units in the vestibular nerve branches is ap ...
... is important in understanding the vulnerability of this otolith-canal interrelationship. In the mammalian ear, where numerical data are available for the innervation of individual vestibular sense organs (guinea pig, monkey), the number of afferent neural units in the vestibular nerve branches is ap ...
FISIOLOGI HIDUNG DAN SINUS PARANASAL
... Olfactory Bulbs In olfactory bulbs, axons of receptors contact primary dendrites of mitral cells and tufted cells to form complex globular synapses called olfactory glomeruli Olfactory bulbs also contain periglomerular cells which are inhibitory neurons connecting one glomerolus to another ...
... Olfactory Bulbs In olfactory bulbs, axons of receptors contact primary dendrites of mitral cells and tufted cells to form complex globular synapses called olfactory glomeruli Olfactory bulbs also contain periglomerular cells which are inhibitory neurons connecting one glomerolus to another ...
FISIOLOGI HIDUNG DAN SINUS PARANASAL
... Olfactory Bulbs In olfactory bulbs, axons of receptors contact primary dendrites of mitral cells and tufted cells to form complex globular synapses called olfactory glomeruli Olfactory bulbs also contain periglomerular cells which are inhibitory neurons connecting one glomerolus to another Granul ...
... Olfactory Bulbs In olfactory bulbs, axons of receptors contact primary dendrites of mitral cells and tufted cells to form complex globular synapses called olfactory glomeruli Olfactory bulbs also contain periglomerular cells which are inhibitory neurons connecting one glomerolus to another Granul ...
Physiology and mathematical modeling of the auditory system
... It is hard to imagine what the world would be like if it was put on “mute”. For most people the vast and diverse stream of auditory information is an indispensable part of the environment perception. Our auditory system, among other things, allows us to understand speech, appreciate music, and locat ...
... It is hard to imagine what the world would be like if it was put on “mute”. For most people the vast and diverse stream of auditory information is an indispensable part of the environment perception. Our auditory system, among other things, allows us to understand speech, appreciate music, and locat ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... and the induction of c-fos gene expression in the striatum of the rat. Anesthetized Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 7 mg/kg 4-aminopyridine, and the transmitter levels in the striatum were measured by means of in vivo microdialysis, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min following the treatmen ...
... and the induction of c-fos gene expression in the striatum of the rat. Anesthetized Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 7 mg/kg 4-aminopyridine, and the transmitter levels in the striatum were measured by means of in vivo microdialysis, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min following the treatmen ...
2 Brain and Classical Neural Networks
... While the dynamical process of neural communication suggests that the brain action looks a lot like a computer action, there are some fundamental differences having to do with a basic brain property called brain plasticity. The interconnections between neurons are not fixed, as is the case in a comput ...
... While the dynamical process of neural communication suggests that the brain action looks a lot like a computer action, there are some fundamental differences having to do with a basic brain property called brain plasticity. The interconnections between neurons are not fixed, as is the case in a comput ...
2. Parkinsons diseas and Movement Disorders. 1998
... pyramidal pathway to somatic motor neurons within brainstem and the spinal cord. The primary projection areas are somatotopically organized and serve the contralateral half of the body. Proceeding outward along the cortical surface from the primary projection areas, one encounters the secondary proj ...
... pyramidal pathway to somatic motor neurons within brainstem and the spinal cord. The primary projection areas are somatotopically organized and serve the contralateral half of the body. Proceeding outward along the cortical surface from the primary projection areas, one encounters the secondary proj ...
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Molecules in the Retina
... In a few instances immunoperoxidase experiments were performed on only one side of the tectum in order to compare the pattern of staining with the pattern of the retinotectal projection (the retinotectal projection is almost completely crossed). HRP crystals were placed in contact with the central c ...
... In a few instances immunoperoxidase experiments were performed on only one side of the tectum in order to compare the pattern of staining with the pattern of the retinotectal projection (the retinotectal projection is almost completely crossed). HRP crystals were placed in contact with the central c ...
Sense Organs
... of the brain as having numerous “lines” (nerve fibers) feeding information into it, and each line as being “labeled” to represent a certain modality. All the nerve impulses that arrive at the brain are essentially identical, but impulses arriving on one line have a different meaning than impulses ar ...
... of the brain as having numerous “lines” (nerve fibers) feeding information into it, and each line as being “labeled” to represent a certain modality. All the nerve impulses that arrive at the brain are essentially identical, but impulses arriving on one line have a different meaning than impulses ar ...
Amyloid inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer
... Although the aetiology of non-familial AD remains unclear, previous work has suggested that a deficit in retinoic acid (RA) signalling, which is essential for normal brain maintenance (Maden, 2007), may be associated with AD (Goodman & Pardee, 2003; Corcoran et al., 2004; Ding et al., 2008; Tippmann ...
... Although the aetiology of non-familial AD remains unclear, previous work has suggested that a deficit in retinoic acid (RA) signalling, which is essential for normal brain maintenance (Maden, 2007), may be associated with AD (Goodman & Pardee, 2003; Corcoran et al., 2004; Ding et al., 2008; Tippmann ...
Transcripts/2_18 2
... information up to relay nuclei. The thalamus then sends back information to the cortex and there is some correction being made. ii. We know this because cerebellar lesions cause several different problems. Most of the cerebellar lesions studied were caused by trauma like gunshot wounds, but now with ...
... information up to relay nuclei. The thalamus then sends back information to the cortex and there is some correction being made. ii. We know this because cerebellar lesions cause several different problems. Most of the cerebellar lesions studied were caused by trauma like gunshot wounds, but now with ...
The role of neuronal signaling in controlling cerebral blood flow
... Although it is only 2% of total body weight, the brain uses 20% of the total energy consumed by the body (SokoloV, 1989). Well-regulated blood Xow within the brain is vital to maintain energy-dependent processes and to clear metabolic byproducts produced by neuronal activity, such as CO2, excess lac ...
... Although it is only 2% of total body weight, the brain uses 20% of the total energy consumed by the body (SokoloV, 1989). Well-regulated blood Xow within the brain is vital to maintain energy-dependent processes and to clear metabolic byproducts produced by neuronal activity, such as CO2, excess lac ...
Chapter 14-Nervous Tissue
... Contains receptors Transmits information from receptors to the CNS ...
... Contains receptors Transmits information from receptors to the CNS ...
The visual-oculomotor striatum of the cat: functional relationship to
... Superimposing the distributions of visual striate-related thalamostriate neurons (left column of Figs. 1 and 2) and ascending tectothalamic axons/terminal (right column of Figs. 1 and 2) indicates that all of the former are overlapped by the latter. While double-labeling studies are needed to more a ...
... Superimposing the distributions of visual striate-related thalamostriate neurons (left column of Figs. 1 and 2) and ascending tectothalamic axons/terminal (right column of Figs. 1 and 2) indicates that all of the former are overlapped by the latter. While double-labeling studies are needed to more a ...
Inferring functional connections between neurons
... unobserved common input generally confounds connectivity estimates. In the motor cortex, for instance, movement induces strong input correlations between many neurons. Fortunately, by including movement-related variables in the model, our estimates of functional connectivity may be improved. Given t ...
... unobserved common input generally confounds connectivity estimates. In the motor cortex, for instance, movement induces strong input correlations between many neurons. Fortunately, by including movement-related variables in the model, our estimates of functional connectivity may be improved. Given t ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... Neuron migration routes. Neuron migration routes in the developing mammalian brain are complex (Marín and Rubenstein, 2003; Ayala et al., 2007). The brain develops from the anterior end of the neural tube: a pseudo-stratified epithelial tube with its apical surface inside and basal surface outside. ...
... Neuron migration routes. Neuron migration routes in the developing mammalian brain are complex (Marín and Rubenstein, 2003; Ayala et al., 2007). The brain develops from the anterior end of the neural tube: a pseudo-stratified epithelial tube with its apical surface inside and basal surface outside. ...
Defects in ER–endosome contacts impact lysosome function in
... ER, and the role of spastin in this process, has not been determined. We imaged living MRC5 cells stably expressing GFPSNX1 at near-endogenous levels (Fig. S1 A) and transiently expressing the ER marker RFP-KDEL. In both wild-type and spastin-depleted cells, >80% of endosomal tubules that arose in a ...
... ER, and the role of spastin in this process, has not been determined. We imaged living MRC5 cells stably expressing GFPSNX1 at near-endogenous levels (Fig. S1 A) and transiently expressing the ER marker RFP-KDEL. In both wild-type and spastin-depleted cells, >80% of endosomal tubules that arose in a ...
mTOR pathway – novel modulator of astrocyte activity.
... are capable of producing a variety of proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1â, tumor necrosis factor-á (TNF-á), neurotrophic factors (DONG & BENVENISTE 2001) and potentially neurotoxic compounds, like nitric oxide (NO). The expression of inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) can be ...
... are capable of producing a variety of proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1â, tumor necrosis factor-á (TNF-á), neurotrophic factors (DONG & BENVENISTE 2001) and potentially neurotoxic compounds, like nitric oxide (NO). The expression of inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) can be ...
Neural crest cells and axonal specificity
... 1998; Perez et al. 1999) found evidence that some populations of neural crest cells are committed very soon after leaving the neural tube. They have shown that the sensory neurons from the neural crest are specified by the transcription factor neurogenin, whereas the sympathetic and parasympathetic ...
... 1998; Perez et al. 1999) found evidence that some populations of neural crest cells are committed very soon after leaving the neural tube. They have shown that the sensory neurons from the neural crest are specified by the transcription factor neurogenin, whereas the sympathetic and parasympathetic ...
Subventricular zone
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. It is composed of four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition. Along with the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the SVZ is one of two places where neurogenesis has been found to occur in the adult mammalian brain.