Lecture 10
... more information). In particular, it appears that RNA can (1) duplicate itself or other RNA molecules, (2) catalyze reactions that produce subunits of RNA, hence increasing the number of RNA building blocks, (3) catalyze chains of amino acids, which ultimately might produce proteins. It can also sto ...
... more information). In particular, it appears that RNA can (1) duplicate itself or other RNA molecules, (2) catalyze reactions that produce subunits of RNA, hence increasing the number of RNA building blocks, (3) catalyze chains of amino acids, which ultimately might produce proteins. It can also sto ...
MCAS Biology Review
... new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. Replication copies the DNA. Transcription is the process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence i ...
... new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. Replication copies the DNA. Transcription is the process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence i ...
Chapter 10 Topic: RNA transcription Main concepts: •Beadle and
... codon is inserted or deleted, it will change only one amino acid. But if a single base is inserted or deleted, it changes the entire reading frame so that it codes for an entirely different sequence of amino acids. • Point mutations may or may not cause a problem. Redundancy in the genetic code (the ...
... codon is inserted or deleted, it will change only one amino acid. But if a single base is inserted or deleted, it changes the entire reading frame so that it codes for an entirely different sequence of amino acids. • Point mutations may or may not cause a problem. Redundancy in the genetic code (the ...
1 The structure and replication of DNA
... - Base pairing occurs between the two strands of DNA between adenine, thymine and guanine, cytosine. These base pairs bond by weak hydrogen bonds. - The DNA helix is double stranded, and has an anti-parallel structure, with deoxyribose and phosphate at 3' and 5' ends of each strand. (i) Organisation ...
... - Base pairing occurs between the two strands of DNA between adenine, thymine and guanine, cytosine. These base pairs bond by weak hydrogen bonds. - The DNA helix is double stranded, and has an anti-parallel structure, with deoxyribose and phosphate at 3' and 5' ends of each strand. (i) Organisation ...
File
... For example, the mRNA complement to the DNA sequence TTGCAC is AACGUG. The SAT II Biology frequently asks about the sequence of mRNA that will be produced from a given sequence of DNA. For these questions, don’t forget that RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. After transcription, the new RNA strand ...
... For example, the mRNA complement to the DNA sequence TTGCAC is AACGUG. The SAT II Biology frequently asks about the sequence of mRNA that will be produced from a given sequence of DNA. For these questions, don’t forget that RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. After transcription, the new RNA strand ...
Selfish DNA and the wonderful world of RNA
... ALU elements have been accumulating in the human genome throughout primate evolution, reaching a copy number of over a million per genome. However, most of these Alu copies are not identical and can be classified into several subfamilies (reviewed in DEININGER and BATZER 1993 ). These different subf ...
... ALU elements have been accumulating in the human genome throughout primate evolution, reaching a copy number of over a million per genome. However, most of these Alu copies are not identical and can be classified into several subfamilies (reviewed in DEININGER and BATZER 1993 ). These different subf ...
doc summer 2010 lecture 1 pg. 1-27
... Experiment must be done w/ separated DNA strands, b/c then bonding sites of bases are unoccupied Strands are cut using restriction enzymes Electrophoresis fractionates a population of nucleic fragments Probing for specific RNA: Northern Blot To determine whether a gene is being transcribed in a cert ...
... Experiment must be done w/ separated DNA strands, b/c then bonding sites of bases are unoccupied Strands are cut using restriction enzymes Electrophoresis fractionates a population of nucleic fragments Probing for specific RNA: Northern Blot To determine whether a gene is being transcribed in a cert ...
Biomedical applications
... techniques to coal gold nanoparticles with DNA strands • These DNA nano-particles bind together when an anthrax protective antigen appears ...
... techniques to coal gold nanoparticles with DNA strands • These DNA nano-particles bind together when an anthrax protective antigen appears ...
RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
... TERMS TO KNOW: RNA polymerase - the enzyme responsible for RNA transcription. Moves along gene and bonds appropriate RNA nucleotide to complimentary DNA nucleotide. Promoter - binding site on gene that RNA polymerase attaches to at the start of transcription. Codon - set of three mRNA nucleotides th ...
... TERMS TO KNOW: RNA polymerase - the enzyme responsible for RNA transcription. Moves along gene and bonds appropriate RNA nucleotide to complimentary DNA nucleotide. Promoter - binding site on gene that RNA polymerase attaches to at the start of transcription. Codon - set of three mRNA nucleotides th ...
Biology 6 Study Guide – Exam #2
... exergonic vs endergonic chemical reactions the concept of activation energy and catalysts ATP structure, the ATP-ADP cycle, the concept of “coupling of reactions” Why ATP is a good fuel for cells the general biological roles of enzymes/ribozymes how enzymes function, the effects of temperature and p ...
... exergonic vs endergonic chemical reactions the concept of activation energy and catalysts ATP structure, the ATP-ADP cycle, the concept of “coupling of reactions” Why ATP is a good fuel for cells the general biological roles of enzymes/ribozymes how enzymes function, the effects of temperature and p ...
Transcription
... It is like DNA replication in that a DNA strand is used to synthesize a strand of mRNA. Only one strand of DNA is copied. A single gene may be transcribed thousands of times. After transcription, the DNA strands rejoin. Steps involved in transcription RNA polymerase recognizes a specific base sequen ...
... It is like DNA replication in that a DNA strand is used to synthesize a strand of mRNA. Only one strand of DNA is copied. A single gene may be transcribed thousands of times. After transcription, the DNA strands rejoin. Steps involved in transcription RNA polymerase recognizes a specific base sequen ...
Make a DNA Model - Flinn Scientific
... have DNA. The DNA molecule is made up of several components—phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugars, and nitrogenous bases. The phosphate groups are the “backbone” of the DNA structure that link together the deoxyribose sugars (a pentose, or five-carbon monosaccharide). Each sugar is bonded with a nitr ...
... have DNA. The DNA molecule is made up of several components—phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugars, and nitrogenous bases. The phosphate groups are the “backbone” of the DNA structure that link together the deoxyribose sugars (a pentose, or five-carbon monosaccharide). Each sugar is bonded with a nitr ...
DNA and Protein Synthesis Review Questions
... 7. What is the shape of DNA called? 8. When DNA unzips, what bonds are being broken? 9. What is the end product of DNA replication? 10. After the DNA is unzipped, how does the DNA form two new strands? 11. DNA contains the instructions on how to make __________ 12. A section of DNA that codes for a ...
... 7. What is the shape of DNA called? 8. When DNA unzips, what bonds are being broken? 9. What is the end product of DNA replication? 10. After the DNA is unzipped, how does the DNA form two new strands? 11. DNA contains the instructions on how to make __________ 12. A section of DNA that codes for a ...
Syllabus Notes - Southwest High School
... – They are catalysts. (They speed up reactions that would normally happen anyway.) – They do not use energy to work. – They do not get used up. They do not change – Substrates are what the enzymes work on. ...
... – They are catalysts. (They speed up reactions that would normally happen anyway.) – They do not use energy to work. – They do not get used up. They do not change – Substrates are what the enzymes work on. ...
scientists and philosophers find that gene has a multitude of meanings
... autoimmune disease, for example, or my hair, which looks like the fibers left behind on the rim of an aspirin bottle after the cotton ball has been removed, only wispier. Now it turns out that genes, per se, are simply too feeble to accept responsibility for much of anything. By the traditional defi ...
... autoimmune disease, for example, or my hair, which looks like the fibers left behind on the rim of an aspirin bottle after the cotton ball has been removed, only wispier. Now it turns out that genes, per se, are simply too feeble to accept responsibility for much of anything. By the traditional defi ...
A new direction in materials assembly: using
... synthesized in which nanoparticles serve as atoms and DNA linkers provide the “glue” that binds the nanoparticles into complex materials with novel functionality. This work has been a joint collaboration with Chad Mirkin, and it began in 2008 with the fabrication of superlattices composed of identic ...
... synthesized in which nanoparticles serve as atoms and DNA linkers provide the “glue” that binds the nanoparticles into complex materials with novel functionality. This work has been a joint collaboration with Chad Mirkin, and it began in 2008 with the fabrication of superlattices composed of identic ...
CHEM 331 Problem Set #7
... sequences and bending the DNA in that region, which promotes strand separation, making it easier for RNA polymerase to gain access to the region downstream of the TATA box. In addition to hydrogen bonds with the phosphate backbone, the TATA binding protein has four Phenylalanine residues (Phe single ...
... sequences and bending the DNA in that region, which promotes strand separation, making it easier for RNA polymerase to gain access to the region downstream of the TATA box. In addition to hydrogen bonds with the phosphate backbone, the TATA binding protein has four Phenylalanine residues (Phe single ...
Document
... 5. Gene regulation is also possible after transcription a. Alternative RNA splicing allows multiple proteins to be made from a gene (19.8) b. mRNA lifespan determines how much translation can occur i. lifespan may depend on the 3’UTR sequence (19.5) ii. lifespan may depend on miRNA action (19.9) II. ...
... 5. Gene regulation is also possible after transcription a. Alternative RNA splicing allows multiple proteins to be made from a gene (19.8) b. mRNA lifespan determines how much translation can occur i. lifespan may depend on the 3’UTR sequence (19.5) ii. lifespan may depend on miRNA action (19.9) II. ...
Protein Synthesis - TangHua2012-2013
... • The second step in protein synthesis is called translation. • Translation is the process of ________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ (protein). It occurs in 3 steps. • Translation occurs at __________________ ...
... • The second step in protein synthesis is called translation. • Translation is the process of ________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ (protein). It occurs in 3 steps. • Translation occurs at __________________ ...
PowerPoint
... Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) kills around 670,000 children under the age of 5 each ...
... Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) kills around 670,000 children under the age of 5 each ...
Modern Genetics – GMOs and Biotechnology What is Biotechnology
... Allowing only organisms with desired traits to produce offspring Farmers have been doing this to create new foods. Examples: 1.________________ 2._______________________ 3._____________________ Forensics ...
... Allowing only organisms with desired traits to produce offspring Farmers have been doing this to create new foods. Examples: 1.________________ 2._______________________ 3._____________________ Forensics ...
SG 17,18,19
... Define genetics in terms of artificial selection, genes, chromosomes. Define molecular biology. List and describe the 4 principles by which living organisms organize and process genetic information. Describe a nucleotide in terms of; structure, what it is the building block for, nucleosides List the ...
... Define genetics in terms of artificial selection, genes, chromosomes. Define molecular biology. List and describe the 4 principles by which living organisms organize and process genetic information. Describe a nucleotide in terms of; structure, what it is the building block for, nucleosides List the ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.