ENZYMES
... The enzymatic catalysis of reactions is essential to living systems. Under biologically relevant conditions, uncatalyzed reactions tend to be slow—most biological molecules are quite stable in the neutral-pH, mildtemperature, aqueous environment inside cells. Furthermore, many common reactions in bi ...
... The enzymatic catalysis of reactions is essential to living systems. Under biologically relevant conditions, uncatalyzed reactions tend to be slow—most biological molecules are quite stable in the neutral-pH, mildtemperature, aqueous environment inside cells. Furthermore, many common reactions in bi ...
Origins and Early Evolution of the tRNA Molecule
... 1. Origins of tRNA Francis Crick once remarked that transfer RNA (tRNA) looks like nature’s attempt to make RNA do the job of a protein [1]. tRNA, discovered by Paul Zamecnik and collaborators [2], is a literal “adaptor” molecule [3] that mediates the translation of information from messenger RNAs ( ...
... 1. Origins of tRNA Francis Crick once remarked that transfer RNA (tRNA) looks like nature’s attempt to make RNA do the job of a protein [1]. tRNA, discovered by Paul Zamecnik and collaborators [2], is a literal “adaptor” molecule [3] that mediates the translation of information from messenger RNAs ( ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from precursors that are not sugars, like lactate, pyruvate, glycerol or glycogenic amino acids. The synthesis of glucose from other sugars simply is not gluconeogenesis. The neo means de novo from non-carbohydrate molecules. (By the way, what was a carbo ...
... Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from precursors that are not sugars, like lactate, pyruvate, glycerol or glycogenic amino acids. The synthesis of glucose from other sugars simply is not gluconeogenesis. The neo means de novo from non-carbohydrate molecules. (By the way, what was a carbo ...
Alu Human Polymorphism
... inherited from each parent – Most occurred millions of years ago and are often on both pairs of chromosomes – There are Alu elements that have occurred since humans branched from other primates – This gives rise to dimorphic Alus from the last hundreds of thousands of years – Estimated to jump 1:200 ...
... inherited from each parent – Most occurred millions of years ago and are often on both pairs of chromosomes – There are Alu elements that have occurred since humans branched from other primates – This gives rise to dimorphic Alus from the last hundreds of thousands of years – Estimated to jump 1:200 ...
Specialized Transduction by Bacteriophage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium: Genetic and Physical Structure of the Transducing Genomes and the Prophage Attachment Site.
... transducing phage resulting from the addition or substitution of host DNA do not prevent the transducing phage DNA from being encapsulated into P22 phage particles since the “headful” mechanism always packages a constant amount of DNA from the concatemer. An insertion that makes the P22 genome too l ...
... transducing phage resulting from the addition or substitution of host DNA do not prevent the transducing phage DNA from being encapsulated into P22 phage particles since the “headful” mechanism always packages a constant amount of DNA from the concatemer. An insertion that makes the P22 genome too l ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... NrdD and NrdG proteins for the production of deoxyribonucleotides. The NrdD protein harbors in its active form an oxygensensitive glycyl radical located close to the carboxyl terminus of the protein (13). Ribonucleotide reduction occurs at the triphosphate level and requires formate as hydrogen dono ...
... NrdD and NrdG proteins for the production of deoxyribonucleotides. The NrdD protein harbors in its active form an oxygensensitive glycyl radical located close to the carboxyl terminus of the protein (13). Ribonucleotide reduction occurs at the triphosphate level and requires formate as hydrogen dono ...
Kinetics lecture
... – As the concentration of reactants increases, so does the likelihood that reactant molecules will collide. ...
... – As the concentration of reactants increases, so does the likelihood that reactant molecules will collide. ...
The msh2 Gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Is
... TTGG-39). For both reactions, the program consisted of an initial 5-min denaturation at 94°C, 30 cycles of 45 s 94°C, 45 s 48°C, and 2.5 min 72°C, and finally an extension step of 10 min at 72°C. The PCR products were separated from primers, and the single coding strands were amplified by 20 cycles ...
... TTGG-39). For both reactions, the program consisted of an initial 5-min denaturation at 94°C, 30 cycles of 45 s 94°C, 45 s 48°C, and 2.5 min 72°C, and finally an extension step of 10 min at 72°C. The PCR products were separated from primers, and the single coding strands were amplified by 20 cycles ...
study on factors affecting the efficiency of marker
... In this paper we simulate the breeding process of marker-assisted introgressing a favorable QTL allele from “donor” to “recipient”. During this process, the foreground selection and background selection were made for introgression population simultaneously: foreground selection is making indirect se ...
... In this paper we simulate the breeding process of marker-assisted introgressing a favorable QTL allele from “donor” to “recipient”. During this process, the foreground selection and background selection were made for introgression population simultaneously: foreground selection is making indirect se ...
UNIT- V - Bhoj University
... and mature sperm and red blood cells of animals. Their number per plant cell can vary from several hundred as in tissues of corn root and algal rhizoids (i.e., more than 25,000 in algal rhizoids, Sievers, 1965), to a single organelle in some algae. (Certain algal cells such as Pinularia and Microste ...
... and mature sperm and red blood cells of animals. Their number per plant cell can vary from several hundred as in tissues of corn root and algal rhizoids (i.e., more than 25,000 in algal rhizoids, Sievers, 1965), to a single organelle in some algae. (Certain algal cells such as Pinularia and Microste ...
Chapter 1 - Institut Montefiore
... code can be said to be degenerate, with the third position often being redundant • Depending on the starting point of reading, there are three possible variants to translate a given base sequence into an amino acid sequence • These variants are called reading frames • The translation of bases into a ...
... code can be said to be degenerate, with the third position often being redundant • Depending on the starting point of reading, there are three possible variants to translate a given base sequence into an amino acid sequence • These variants are called reading frames • The translation of bases into a ...
Role of the p21 Protein in the Fanconi Anemia Pathway
... • Major target of the tumor suppressor transcription factor p53 Figure 8.4 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) ...
... • Major target of the tumor suppressor transcription factor p53 Figure 8.4 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) ...
Sleeping Beauty - Weber State University
... codons and frameshifts. SB3, a complete open reading frame, was tested in an excision assay similar to that described in Handler et al. (1993), but no detectable activity was observed. Due to nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions, the SB3 polypeptide differs from the consensus transposase sequence ...
... codons and frameshifts. SB3, a complete open reading frame, was tested in an excision assay similar to that described in Handler et al. (1993), but no detectable activity was observed. Due to nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions, the SB3 polypeptide differs from the consensus transposase sequence ...
Fundamentals of Biochemistry
... energy changes associated with various glycolytic steps are largely concerned with G! - Of the 10 steps of glycolysis, only three (Steps 1/3/10) operate far from equilibrium ( G << 0)—implying that they COULD be largely responsible for flux control! ...
... energy changes associated with various glycolytic steps are largely concerned with G! - Of the 10 steps of glycolysis, only three (Steps 1/3/10) operate far from equilibrium ( G << 0)—implying that they COULD be largely responsible for flux control! ...
Brand, Veronica - Degenerate Primer Design using Computational Tools
... parameters for efficient PCR analysis. It has a different purpose than HYDEN; its goal is not so much to optimize one degenerate primer pair for a set of sequences, but to look at a set of primers as a whole. As such, each primer can be a little more specific for its target sequence. This method ca ...
... parameters for efficient PCR analysis. It has a different purpose than HYDEN; its goal is not so much to optimize one degenerate primer pair for a set of sequences, but to look at a set of primers as a whole. As such, each primer can be a little more specific for its target sequence. This method ca ...
Abundant RNA editing sites of chloroplast protein
... Background: RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification process that alters the RNA sequence so that it deviates from the genomic DNA sequence. RNA editing mainly occurs in chloroplasts and mitochondrial genomes, and the number of editing sites varies in terrestrial plants. Why and how RNA edi ...
... Background: RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification process that alters the RNA sequence so that it deviates from the genomic DNA sequence. RNA editing mainly occurs in chloroplasts and mitochondrial genomes, and the number of editing sites varies in terrestrial plants. Why and how RNA edi ...
New peptide and gene coding for same
... (Mol. Cell. Biol. 2, 161-170, 1982). The library was screened with a mixture of probes consisting of synthesized 14 meroligonucleotides labeled with 32P coding for an amino acid sequence of from 12 to 16 of a-hANP (Fig. 9), and 23 clones were selected which hybridized with the probes. Among the 23 c ...
... (Mol. Cell. Biol. 2, 161-170, 1982). The library was screened with a mixture of probes consisting of synthesized 14 meroligonucleotides labeled with 32P coding for an amino acid sequence of from 12 to 16 of a-hANP (Fig. 9), and 23 clones were selected which hybridized with the probes. Among the 23 c ...
Point mutations in BCL6 DNA-binding domain reveal distinct
... with a lack of consensus BCL6-binding site in the CMV promoter (Fig. 2A). In the presence of wild type BCL6, we obtained a 10-fold reduction in luciferase activity, indicating that BCL6 efficiently represses transcription in this system (Fig. 2A). A similar transrepression was observed with mutants ...
... with a lack of consensus BCL6-binding site in the CMV promoter (Fig. 2A). In the presence of wild type BCL6, we obtained a 10-fold reduction in luciferase activity, indicating that BCL6 efficiently represses transcription in this system (Fig. 2A). A similar transrepression was observed with mutants ...
Identification of the Gene Encoding the Tryptophan Synthase ß
... by Harris (1989). Diploid strains were constructed by mating nit2-1 AC17 strains to NIT2 ac17-1 strains and selecting for growth on solid medium lacking acetate and containing 2 mm NaNO3 as the sole source of N (Fernández et al., 1989). Because mitotic recombination and chromosomeloss events someti ...
... by Harris (1989). Diploid strains were constructed by mating nit2-1 AC17 strains to NIT2 ac17-1 strains and selecting for growth on solid medium lacking acetate and containing 2 mm NaNO3 as the sole source of N (Fernández et al., 1989). Because mitotic recombination and chromosomeloss events someti ...
Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life I
... The activation energy requirement is a barrier that must be overcome if desirable reactions are to proceed at reasonable rates. Since the energy content of a given molecule must exceed EA before that molecule is capable of undergoing reaction, the only way a reaction involving metastable reactants w ...
... The activation energy requirement is a barrier that must be overcome if desirable reactions are to proceed at reasonable rates. Since the energy content of a given molecule must exceed EA before that molecule is capable of undergoing reaction, the only way a reaction involving metastable reactants w ...
Deoxyribozyme
_DNAzyme.png?width=300)
Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.