
Gluconeogenesis
... 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH + 6 H2 O Õ glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 2 H + By contrast, the stoichiometry for conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis is: glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P i + 2NAD + Õ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2 O In cycling from glucose to pyruvate to glucose ...
... 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH + 6 H2 O Õ glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 2 H + By contrast, the stoichiometry for conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis is: glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P i + 2NAD + Õ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2 O In cycling from glucose to pyruvate to glucose ...
Microbiology 146:
... The isolation and characterization of a Rhizobium etli glutamate auxotroph, TAD12, harbouring a single Tn5 insertion, is reported. This mutant produced no detectable glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity. The cloning and physical characterization of a 72 kb fragment of R. etli DNA harbouring the stru ...
... The isolation and characterization of a Rhizobium etli glutamate auxotroph, TAD12, harbouring a single Tn5 insertion, is reported. This mutant produced no detectable glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity. The cloning and physical characterization of a 72 kb fragment of R. etli DNA harbouring the stru ...
RuBisCO in Non-Photosynthetic Alga Euglena longa: Divergent
... rhodophyte-derived secondary plastids. However, in green algae and land plants (Chloroplastida), and organisms with green algal-derived plastids, the small subunit is encoded in the nucleus, synthesized on the cytoplasmic ribosomes and post-translationally imported into the plastid [6,7]. The biolog ...
... rhodophyte-derived secondary plastids. However, in green algae and land plants (Chloroplastida), and organisms with green algal-derived plastids, the small subunit is encoded in the nucleus, synthesized on the cytoplasmic ribosomes and post-translationally imported into the plastid [6,7]. The biolog ...
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... including mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis, and explain their significance. • 3-9 Discuss the regulation of the cell life cycle. • 3-10 Discuss the relationship between cell division and cancer. • 3-11 Define differentiation, and explain its ...
... including mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis, and explain their significance. • 3-9 Discuss the regulation of the cell life cycle. • 3-10 Discuss the relationship between cell division and cancer. • 3-11 Define differentiation, and explain its ...
Ph.D. Thesis Azar Shahpiri
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
The Distribution of apDiaminopimellc Acid among various Micro
... C ~ reflux for 24 hr. HCl was removed from the hydrolysate by three evaporations to dryness in z~cccuo,and the residue was redissohedin water to final concentration6 ml. equivalentto 1g. dried organism. Two-dimensional chromatograms were run at 26' from 15 pl. of hydrolysate (equivalent to 2.5 mg. d ...
... C ~ reflux for 24 hr. HCl was removed from the hydrolysate by three evaporations to dryness in z~cccuo,and the residue was redissohedin water to final concentration6 ml. equivalentto 1g. dried organism. Two-dimensional chromatograms were run at 26' from 15 pl. of hydrolysate (equivalent to 2.5 mg. d ...
Full-Text - Academic Journals
... 99% nucleotide homology with members of the subgroups II, IB and IA, respectively, at the 3' coat protein and C-terminal noncoding region sequenced in this study. Multiple nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed very high homologies between the yam strain and other subgroup ...
... 99% nucleotide homology with members of the subgroups II, IB and IA, respectively, at the 3' coat protein and C-terminal noncoding region sequenced in this study. Multiple nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed very high homologies between the yam strain and other subgroup ...
Channel-mediated lactic acid transport: a novel function for
... 12], suggesting that MIPs can facilitate the diffusion of lactic acid across membranes. Lactic acid, a monocarboxylic acid, and the lactate anion are in chemical equilibrium at a pK a of 3.86. Although the dissociated (ionized) lactate is the predominant species, the nondissociated (uncharged) lacti ...
... 12], suggesting that MIPs can facilitate the diffusion of lactic acid across membranes. Lactic acid, a monocarboxylic acid, and the lactate anion are in chemical equilibrium at a pK a of 3.86. Although the dissociated (ionized) lactate is the predominant species, the nondissociated (uncharged) lacti ...
papain, a plant enzyme of biological importance
... 2009). Catalytic activity of papain involves hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, but preference for an amino acid bearing a large hydrophobic side chain at the P2 position while does not accept Val in P1 (Kamphuis et al., 1985). The enzyme has been reported to be general ...
... 2009). Catalytic activity of papain involves hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, but preference for an amino acid bearing a large hydrophobic side chain at the P2 position while does not accept Val in P1 (Kamphuis et al., 1985). The enzyme has been reported to be general ...
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... each other. No covalent bonds are broken in this process. Heat, alkaline pH, and chemicals such as formamide and urea are commonly used to denature DNA. ...
... each other. No covalent bonds are broken in this process. Heat, alkaline pH, and chemicals such as formamide and urea are commonly used to denature DNA. ...
Two nearly identical terpene synthases catalyze the
... snapdragon myrcene synthase (AAO41726), (E)-b-ocimene synthase (AAO42614), strawberry nerolidol/linalool synthase (FaNES; CAD57106) and Arabidopsis linalool synthase (AAO85533). The alignment was performed using CLUSTALW, and was shaded with BoxShade version 3.21 software (Human Genome Sequencing Ce ...
... snapdragon myrcene synthase (AAO41726), (E)-b-ocimene synthase (AAO42614), strawberry nerolidol/linalool synthase (FaNES; CAD57106) and Arabidopsis linalool synthase (AAO85533). The alignment was performed using CLUSTALW, and was shaded with BoxShade version 3.21 software (Human Genome Sequencing Ce ...
Lipid Breakdown - Rose
... Odd-numbered fatty acids Fatty acids with odd numbers of carbons are found in some marine animals, in many herbivores, in microorganisms, and in plants. These fatty acids are subjected to β-oxidation in the same way as fatty acids with even numbers of carbons. However, the final β-oxidation spiral r ...
... Odd-numbered fatty acids Fatty acids with odd numbers of carbons are found in some marine animals, in many herbivores, in microorganisms, and in plants. These fatty acids are subjected to β-oxidation in the same way as fatty acids with even numbers of carbons. However, the final β-oxidation spiral r ...
Plasma membrane
... • Self-destruction of damaged cells • Lysosome membranes break down • Digestive enzymes released • Cell decomposes • Cellular materials recycle ...
... • Self-destruction of damaged cells • Lysosome membranes break down • Digestive enzymes released • Cell decomposes • Cellular materials recycle ...
attachment of amino acids to tRNA
... cycles: In cells, the small and large ribosome subunits associate with each other and the mRNA, translate it, and then dissociate after each round of translation. This sequence of association and dissociation is called the ribosome cycle. ...
... cycles: In cells, the small and large ribosome subunits associate with each other and the mRNA, translate it, and then dissociate after each round of translation. This sequence of association and dissociation is called the ribosome cycle. ...
Amiito acid sequence of the testosterone
... submaxillary gland are 1350, 1450, and 1950 nt In length (2,9). These same three mRNAs are expressed at low levels in brain and muscle, but the more abundant RP2 mRNAs in these tissues are 1050, 1150, and 1650 nt long (2, D.K., unpublished observations). All of these different mRNAs are produced by ...
... submaxillary gland are 1350, 1450, and 1950 nt In length (2,9). These same three mRNAs are expressed at low levels in brain and muscle, but the more abundant RP2 mRNAs in these tissues are 1050, 1150, and 1650 nt long (2, D.K., unpublished observations). All of these different mRNAs are produced by ...
Seminario Glúcidos 3 y lípidos 1. Comente los mecanismos de
... Throughout these fractionations, it was found essential that low temperatures be maintained in order to preserve enzyme activity. We have found that the Sorvall angle centrifuges are especially well adapted for this purpose, since the temperature rise during centrifugation in the cold room is held t ...
... Throughout these fractionations, it was found essential that low temperatures be maintained in order to preserve enzyme activity. We have found that the Sorvall angle centrifuges are especially well adapted for this purpose, since the temperature rise during centrifugation in the cold room is held t ...
mTORC1 Activates SREBP-1c and Uncouples Lipogenesis From Gluconeogenesis Please share
... the Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), a transcription factor that controls gluconeogenesis (5). The phosphorylation of FoxO1 by Akt reduces its entry into the nucleus, the expression of key gluconeogenic genes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and the net glucose output from the liver. Anot ...
... the Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), a transcription factor that controls gluconeogenesis (5). The phosphorylation of FoxO1 by Akt reduces its entry into the nucleus, the expression of key gluconeogenic genes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and the net glucose output from the liver. Anot ...
bioinformatics module ii - Tetrahymena Genome Database
... construction modules. Time: 4 hours for all parts (If some areas are not done as homework it can be expanded into two 3 hour sessions with Steps I. through Steps V. in the first session and Steps VI. through Steps X. in the second session). Materials: -Computational lab-one computer with Internet co ...
... construction modules. Time: 4 hours for all parts (If some areas are not done as homework it can be expanded into two 3 hour sessions with Steps I. through Steps V. in the first session and Steps VI. through Steps X. in the second session). Materials: -Computational lab-one computer with Internet co ...
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance
... bilayer membrane and contains several types of hydrolases that are devoted to the degradation of specific substrates. The lysosomal membrane contains proteins that are involved in the transport of substances into and out of the lumen, acidification of the lysosomal lumen and fusion of the lysosome ...
... bilayer membrane and contains several types of hydrolases that are devoted to the degradation of specific substrates. The lysosomal membrane contains proteins that are involved in the transport of substances into and out of the lumen, acidification of the lysosomal lumen and fusion of the lysosome ...
The acetaminophen metabolite
... L-5-oxoproline is generated endogenously by the action of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (γ-GCT) on γglutamyl amino acids, and of γ-glutamylamine cyclotransferase (γ-GACT) on γ-glutamyl amines. These include γ-glutamyl-ϵ-lysine released during degradation of fibrin and other proteins cross-linked by tr ...
... L-5-oxoproline is generated endogenously by the action of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (γ-GCT) on γglutamyl amino acids, and of γ-glutamylamine cyclotransferase (γ-GACT) on γ-glutamyl amines. These include γ-glutamyl-ϵ-lysine released during degradation of fibrin and other proteins cross-linked by tr ...
Bioinformatics: Molecular Computational Tools (Module II)
... construction modules. Time: 4 hours for all parts (If some areas are not done as homework it can be expanded into two 3 hour sessions with Steps I. through Steps V. in the first session and Steps VI. through Steps X. in the second session). Materials: -Computational lab-one computer with Internet co ...
... construction modules. Time: 4 hours for all parts (If some areas are not done as homework it can be expanded into two 3 hour sessions with Steps I. through Steps V. in the first session and Steps VI. through Steps X. in the second session). Materials: -Computational lab-one computer with Internet co ...
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion. Low pH or high temperatures can also cause proteolysis non-enzymatically.Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of a polypeptide chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells. Consequently, dis-regulation of proteolysis can cause diseases, and is used in some venoms to damage their prey.Proteolysis is important as an analytical tool for studying proteins in the laboratory, as well as industrially, for example in food processing and stain removal.