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The Brain and Its Disorders
The Brain and Its Disorders

... (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder) • Dopamine – motivation, pleasure (schizophrenia, Parkinson’s) • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine – attention, anxiety, stress (epilepsy, mania in bipolar disorder) ...
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... Similar to plasma be/c it is derived from plasma Made in the 3rd and 4th ventricle by the CHOROID PLEXUS There are fenestrated capillaries there; the fluid spreads into the subarachnoid space ...
Nervous System
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The Brain - Science Leadership Academy
The Brain - Science Leadership Academy

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9-1_BrainStemNeurons_BujtarZs
9-1_BrainStemNeurons_BujtarZs

... Brain stem is a part of the brain. It has several important rule in the nervous system. It contains specialized parts which have important rules in the vital life processes. It has processing centres of most cranial nerves, reticular formation controlling respiratory and circulatory mechanisms, subc ...
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Blood–brain barrier



The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS). The blood–brain barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, which are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity of at least 0.1 Ω⋅m. The blood–brain barrier allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion, as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function. On the other hand, the blood–brain barrier may prevent the entry of lipophilic, potential neurotoxins by way of an active transport mechanism mediated by P-glycoprotein. Astrocytes are necessary to create the blood–brain barrier. A small number of regions in the brain, including the circumventricular organs (CVOs), do not have a blood–brain barrier.The blood–brain barrier occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation. Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion of microscopic objects (e.g., bacteria) and large or hydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while allowing the diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, hormones). Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier with specific proteins. This barrier also includes a thick basement membrane and astrocytic endfeet.
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