Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... al. 1996, Nisell et al. 1994a,b). Although both are dopaminergic, the SNc and VTA mediate distinct functions (see Discussion) and may exhibit different responses to nicotine, as has been suggested previously (Fa et al. 2000, Grenhoff et al. 1986, Imperato et al. 1986, Mereu et al. 1987). However, wh ...
... al. 1996, Nisell et al. 1994a,b). Although both are dopaminergic, the SNc and VTA mediate distinct functions (see Discussion) and may exhibit different responses to nicotine, as has been suggested previously (Fa et al. 2000, Grenhoff et al. 1986, Imperato et al. 1986, Mereu et al. 1987). However, wh ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... chemoreceptor excitation likewise led to increased activity (P. Langhorst and H. P. Koepchen, unpublished data). Therefore the chemoreceptor reflex increase of breathing is a generally activating reflex according to case c in Table I . The known inhibition of respiration by arterial baroreceptor aff ...
... chemoreceptor excitation likewise led to increased activity (P. Langhorst and H. P. Koepchen, unpublished data). Therefore the chemoreceptor reflex increase of breathing is a generally activating reflex according to case c in Table I . The known inhibition of respiration by arterial baroreceptor aff ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... (anterior cell) neurons, that are located in the brain and are required for the ability to select a preferred temperature (Hamada et al., 2008). The Drosophila TRPA channel TRPA1 is expressed in the AC neurons and is activated by warm temperatures over ⬃25°C (Viswanath et al., 2003; Hamada et al., 2 ...
... (anterior cell) neurons, that are located in the brain and are required for the ability to select a preferred temperature (Hamada et al., 2008). The Drosophila TRPA channel TRPA1 is expressed in the AC neurons and is activated by warm temperatures over ⬃25°C (Viswanath et al., 2003; Hamada et al., 2 ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... Krueger et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012; Dembrow and Johnston, 2014). Using current-clamp and outside-out patch-clamp recordings from fmr1-/y mice we provide evidence that Ih (the current mediated by h-channels) is down-regulated in pyramidal tract (PT)-projecting neurons. This is in contrast to hip ...
... Krueger et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012; Dembrow and Johnston, 2014). Using current-clamp and outside-out patch-clamp recordings from fmr1-/y mice we provide evidence that Ih (the current mediated by h-channels) is down-regulated in pyramidal tract (PT)-projecting neurons. This is in contrast to hip ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... remarkable surplus of sodium channels. The surplus, however, is necessary for repetitive action potential ®ring, as every decrease in the fraction of sodium channels reduces the maximal frequency of action potentials that can be generated by the neuron. ...
... remarkable surplus of sodium channels. The surplus, however, is necessary for repetitive action potential ®ring, as every decrease in the fraction of sodium channels reduces the maximal frequency of action potentials that can be generated by the neuron. ...
PN4235: Motoneurons: from physiology to pathology Module summary:
... 1) Historical overview including why motoneurons are the prototypic neuron – first intracellular recording of a CNS neuron was a MN… (KTS) 2) Synaptic inputs to motoneurons – sensory input and reflexes, descending and local drive, anatomical organisation of inputs in dendritic tree (KTS). 3) Intrins ...
... 1) Historical overview including why motoneurons are the prototypic neuron – first intracellular recording of a CNS neuron was a MN… (KTS) 2) Synaptic inputs to motoneurons – sensory input and reflexes, descending and local drive, anatomical organisation of inputs in dendritic tree (KTS). 3) Intrins ...
C6.4 PPT - Destiny High School
... • Neurons have one behavior property in common with muscles: Irritability – the ability to respond to a stimulus. • However, neurons have an aspect of irritability that muscles DO NOT have: converting stimuli into nerve impulses. • Nerve impulse = a tiny electrical charge that transmits information ...
... • Neurons have one behavior property in common with muscles: Irritability – the ability to respond to a stimulus. • However, neurons have an aspect of irritability that muscles DO NOT have: converting stimuli into nerve impulses. • Nerve impulse = a tiny electrical charge that transmits information ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... On the other hand, there is little effect on arterial blood pressure or sympathetic nerve activity after the destruction of any other area unless the RVLM is also inactivated. Despite this, chemical inactivation of the RVLM, with the resultant immediate fall in sympathetic tone, blood pressure and a ...
... On the other hand, there is little effect on arterial blood pressure or sympathetic nerve activity after the destruction of any other area unless the RVLM is also inactivated. Despite this, chemical inactivation of the RVLM, with the resultant immediate fall in sympathetic tone, blood pressure and a ...
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of
... voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal sodium channels Nav1.1, Nav1.2, or Nav1.6 in VPL neurons, although we can not rule out a contribution of other ...
... voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal sodium channels Nav1.1, Nav1.2, or Nav1.6 in VPL neurons, although we can not rule out a contribution of other ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... Immunostaining of Adenosine Deaminase and c-Fos After 1 wk of handling, a separate group of rats was given caffeine intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg in 1 ml of sterile saline, n ⫽ 4) at 12:00 PM. A control group was similarly handled and received an equal volume of saline (n ⫽ 3). Ninety minutes after ca ...
... Immunostaining of Adenosine Deaminase and c-Fos After 1 wk of handling, a separate group of rats was given caffeine intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg in 1 ml of sterile saline, n ⫽ 4) at 12:00 PM. A control group was similarly handled and received an equal volume of saline (n ⫽ 3). Ninety minutes after ca ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... alcohols (ethanol, methanol), pesticides (trichlorfon), chemical agents, etc.. Specific for human pathogenic factor is the word. It can cause disturbances of mental activity, behavior, disorders of various functions on the conditional reflex mechanism. Endogenous pathogenic factors are divided into ...
... alcohols (ethanol, methanol), pesticides (trichlorfon), chemical agents, etc.. Specific for human pathogenic factor is the word. It can cause disturbances of mental activity, behavior, disorders of various functions on the conditional reflex mechanism. Endogenous pathogenic factors are divided into ...
Slide 1
... nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system. • Parts of a Neuron – ** Dendrites - branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons. (the in) – Soma - the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. – Axon - long tube-like stru ...
... nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system. • Parts of a Neuron – ** Dendrites - branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons. (the in) – Soma - the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. – Axon - long tube-like stru ...
Induction of NADPH diaphoraselnitric oxide synthase in the spinal
... Fig. 5. Transverse section through the cervical enlargement of spinal cord. 2 days after a single (underground) blast. Note that the number as well as intensity of NADPH-d positive ventral horn motoneurons (arrows) at laminae Vlll and IX is clearly enhanced when compared with that in rat killed 3 ho ...
... Fig. 5. Transverse section through the cervical enlargement of spinal cord. 2 days after a single (underground) blast. Note that the number as well as intensity of NADPH-d positive ventral horn motoneurons (arrows) at laminae Vlll and IX is clearly enhanced when compared with that in rat killed 3 ho ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... Imaging Facility at the University of Washington. Double-labeling studies. Sections were fixed, sliced, rinsed, and blocked as described above. Muscle sections were then incubated in anti-C NA1 and anti-synaptotagmin or anti-C N B2 and anti-synaptotagmin at the same time for 36 hr at 4°C. Sections f ...
... Imaging Facility at the University of Washington. Double-labeling studies. Sections were fixed, sliced, rinsed, and blocked as described above. Muscle sections were then incubated in anti-C NA1 and anti-synaptotagmin or anti-C N B2 and anti-synaptotagmin at the same time for 36 hr at 4°C. Sections f ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... made. Pearson correlations were calculated for the areas of both hemispheres (n ⫽ 12). The correlation coefficients were .981 and .899. The volumes of four control regions were also determined with a SPOT Insight Color video camera and SPOT Advanced imaging software (Diagnostic Instruments, Version ...
... made. Pearson correlations were calculated for the areas of both hemispheres (n ⫽ 12). The correlation coefficients were .981 and .899. The volumes of four control regions were also determined with a SPOT Insight Color video camera and SPOT Advanced imaging software (Diagnostic Instruments, Version ...
The Nervous System - Learning on the Loop
... What is the function of neurotransmitters? ANSWER: Neurotransmitters cause muscles to contract or relax, cause glands to secret products, activate neurons to send nerve impulses, or inhibit neurons from sending them. ...
... What is the function of neurotransmitters? ANSWER: Neurotransmitters cause muscles to contract or relax, cause glands to secret products, activate neurons to send nerve impulses, or inhibit neurons from sending them. ...
Discovery of a Proneurogenic, Neuroprotective
... difference in the number of BrdU+ cells in the SGZ between mice subjected to surgical pump implantation and infusion with aCSF and mice having had no surgery (Figure S1B). This confirmed the validity of our in vivo approach to assess the ability of ICVinfused compounds to enhance hippocampal neuroge ...
... difference in the number of BrdU+ cells in the SGZ between mice subjected to surgical pump implantation and infusion with aCSF and mice having had no surgery (Figure S1B). This confirmed the validity of our in vivo approach to assess the ability of ICVinfused compounds to enhance hippocampal neuroge ...
extrasynaptic glutamate does not reach the postsynaptic density
... receptors in the postsynaptic density (PSD), glutamate (Glu) could affect the synaptic transmission. We have tested this possibility in the hippocampal CA1 synapses of rats, either by applying exogenous Glu to the CA1 neurons or by disruption of Glu transporter activity. LGlu (400 AM) was directly a ...
... receptors in the postsynaptic density (PSD), glutamate (Glu) could affect the synaptic transmission. We have tested this possibility in the hippocampal CA1 synapses of rats, either by applying exogenous Glu to the CA1 neurons or by disruption of Glu transporter activity. LGlu (400 AM) was directly a ...
Morphological Changes in the Hippocampus Following Nicotine and
... 1980, Sperk et al. 1983). The neurodegeneration of cells in the CA3 area of the hippocampus brings about epileptiform activity of the CA1 pyramidal cells, which is characterized by enhanced NMDA-mediated excitatory phase with apparent loss of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition (Turner and Wheal 1 ...
... 1980, Sperk et al. 1983). The neurodegeneration of cells in the CA3 area of the hippocampus brings about epileptiform activity of the CA1 pyramidal cells, which is characterized by enhanced NMDA-mediated excitatory phase with apparent loss of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition (Turner and Wheal 1 ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... et al., 2003), or Orexin-A (Huang et al., 2001). On the other hand, the lack of increase in histamine release during TMN perfusion with H3 -R antagonists observed in the dorsal striatum and NAcc, despite the fact that these brain areas receive histaminergic innervation (Panula et al., 1989), indicat ...
... et al., 2003), or Orexin-A (Huang et al., 2001). On the other hand, the lack of increase in histamine release during TMN perfusion with H3 -R antagonists observed in the dorsal striatum and NAcc, despite the fact that these brain areas receive histaminergic innervation (Panula et al., 1989), indicat ...
Hypothalamus
... the PVN. Interestingly, the SFO neurons involved in this projection also appear to use angiotensin II as a neurotransmitter. The SFO neurons activated by peripherally circulating angiotensin II elicit the release of vasopressin from the magnocellular endings in the posterior pituitary, which acts at ...
... the PVN. Interestingly, the SFO neurons involved in this projection also appear to use angiotensin II as a neurotransmitter. The SFO neurons activated by peripherally circulating angiotensin II elicit the release of vasopressin from the magnocellular endings in the posterior pituitary, which acts at ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... time before becoming dependent on BDNF for survival. Nodose neurons have the most distant targets and survive for the longest time before becoming BDNF dependent. Geniculate and petrosal neurons have intermediate target distances and survive for intermediate times before becoming BDNF dependent. The ...
... time before becoming dependent on BDNF for survival. Nodose neurons have the most distant targets and survive for the longest time before becoming BDNF dependent. Geniculate and petrosal neurons have intermediate target distances and survive for intermediate times before becoming BDNF dependent. The ...
Mercury and the Developing Brain
... growth spurts can occur over a short period of time, frequently over a period of only a few hours. The migration of neurons to their correct destination in the brain must occur in proper sequence and at the proper time if normal brain development is to result. Should migration of any subset of neuro ...
... growth spurts can occur over a short period of time, frequently over a period of only a few hours. The migration of neurons to their correct destination in the brain must occur in proper sequence and at the proper time if normal brain development is to result. Should migration of any subset of neuro ...
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are substances that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insults that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. The term can also be used to classify endogenous compounds, which, when abnormally contact, can prove neurologically toxic. Though neurotoxins are often neurologically destructive, their ability to specifically target neural components is important in the study of nervous systems. Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, ethanol (drinking alcohol), Manganese glutamate, nitric oxide (NO), botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), tetanus toxin, and tetrodotoxin. Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive concentrations.Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations across the cell membrane, or communication between neurons across a synapse. Local pathology of neurotoxin exposure often includes neuron excitotoxicity or apoptosis but can also include glial cell damage. Macroscopic manifestations of neurotoxin exposure can include widespread central nervous system damage such as intellectual disability, persistent memory impairments, epilepsy, and dementia. Additionally, neurotoxin-mediated peripheral nervous system damage such as neuropathy or myopathy is common. Support has been shown for a number of treatments aimed at attenuating neurotoxin-mediated injury, such as antioxidant, and antitoxin administration.