Section 7: How Are Proteins Made? (Translation)
... • Scientists conjectured that proteins came from DNA; but how did DNA code for proteins? • If one nucleotide codes for one amino acid, then there’d be 41 amino acids • However, there are 20 amino acids, so at least 3 bases codes for one amino acid, since 42 = 16 and 43 = 64 • This triplet of bases i ...
... • Scientists conjectured that proteins came from DNA; but how did DNA code for proteins? • If one nucleotide codes for one amino acid, then there’d be 41 amino acids • However, there are 20 amino acids, so at least 3 bases codes for one amino acid, since 42 = 16 and 43 = 64 • This triplet of bases i ...
Transcription Translation
... Bread mold exposed to xrays Mutants that were unable to survive on minimal media Found 3 classes of arginine deficient mutants Each lacked a different enzyme for catalysis Developed One Gene one Enzyme Hypothesis ...
... Bread mold exposed to xrays Mutants that were unable to survive on minimal media Found 3 classes of arginine deficient mutants Each lacked a different enzyme for catalysis Developed One Gene one Enzyme Hypothesis ...
... Brief history of bioinformatics: Databases • The first biological database - Protein Identification Resource was established in 1972 by Margaret Dayhoff • Dayhoff and co-workers organized the proteins into families and superfamilies based on degree of sequence similarity • Idea of sequence alignmen ...
Learning Objectives handouts
... 2. Distinguish between monomers and polymers. 3. Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions. Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material 4. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 5. Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage. 6. Dist ...
... 2. Distinguish between monomers and polymers. 3. Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions. Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material 4. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 5. Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage. 6. Dist ...
C1. Self-assembly occurs spontaneously, without the aid of other
... C8. These drugs would diminish the amount of negative supercoiling. Negative supercoiling is needed to compact the chromosomal DNA, and it also aids in strand separation. Bacteria might not be able to survive and/or transmit their chromosomes to daughter cells if their DNA was not compacted properly ...
... C8. These drugs would diminish the amount of negative supercoiling. Negative supercoiling is needed to compact the chromosomal DNA, and it also aids in strand separation. Bacteria might not be able to survive and/or transmit their chromosomes to daughter cells if their DNA was not compacted properly ...
Exam 3 Key
... d. hydrogen bonding can only occur between pyrimidines bases e. guanine pairs with adenine 32. Which of the following is involved in the linking of the two strands of DNA? a. covalent bonding between the sugar and nitrogenous bases b. covalent bonding between the sugar and the phosphate groups c. co ...
... d. hydrogen bonding can only occur between pyrimidines bases e. guanine pairs with adenine 32. Which of the following is involved in the linking of the two strands of DNA? a. covalent bonding between the sugar and nitrogenous bases b. covalent bonding between the sugar and the phosphate groups c. co ...
Document
... C8. These drugs would diminish the amount of negative supercoiling. Negative supercoiling is needed to compact the chromosomal DNA, and it also aids in strand separation. Bacteria might not be able to survive and/or transmit their chromosomes to daughter cells if their DNA was not compacted properly ...
... C8. These drugs would diminish the amount of negative supercoiling. Negative supercoiling is needed to compact the chromosomal DNA, and it also aids in strand separation. Bacteria might not be able to survive and/or transmit their chromosomes to daughter cells if their DNA was not compacted properly ...
Chapter 14: DNA Technologies
... (1) The Southern blot can be used to diagnose genetic disorders c) Blots used for RNA, separated by electrophoresis, are called Northern blots; the Western blot is used for protein or polypeptide molecules (One well known use is to detect antibodies, such as antibodies to HIV: the test for AIDS) G. ...
... (1) The Southern blot can be used to diagnose genetic disorders c) Blots used for RNA, separated by electrophoresis, are called Northern blots; the Western blot is used for protein or polypeptide molecules (One well known use is to detect antibodies, such as antibodies to HIV: the test for AIDS) G. ...
DNA Sequencing and Gene Analysis
... • The amount of light released is proportional to the number of bases added. Thus, if the sequence has 2 A’s in a row, both get added and twice as much light is released as would have happened with only 1 A. • The pyrosequencing machine cycles between the 4 dNTPs many times, building up the complete ...
... • The amount of light released is proportional to the number of bases added. Thus, if the sequence has 2 A’s in a row, both get added and twice as much light is released as would have happened with only 1 A. • The pyrosequencing machine cycles between the 4 dNTPs many times, building up the complete ...
Chiral purity of nucleotides as a necessary condition of
... It is easy to understand what will happen upon insertion into a homochiral structure of a unit consisting of a pair of nucleotides, the chirality of both partners of which is opposite to the chirality of other nucleotides. In this case the formation of hydrogen bonds between the bases of the inserte ...
... It is easy to understand what will happen upon insertion into a homochiral structure of a unit consisting of a pair of nucleotides, the chirality of both partners of which is opposite to the chirality of other nucleotides. In this case the formation of hydrogen bonds between the bases of the inserte ...
Lecture 2 - Organic Origins Debate
... Rapid encephalisation of the brain: 1 to 3 lb. brain in only 2 m years Machiavellian intelligence Climate change Ballistic hunting Language and group size Sexual selection ...
... Rapid encephalisation of the brain: 1 to 3 lb. brain in only 2 m years Machiavellian intelligence Climate change Ballistic hunting Language and group size Sexual selection ...
DNA: I`m All Split Up
... bases are T and C. The second rule governing the way in which bases pair in DNA is that not every long and short base can join together: A pairs only with T, and G pairs only with C. Because the bases always pair the same way, the new strands are identical to the parent strands and so the code is co ...
... bases are T and C. The second rule governing the way in which bases pair in DNA is that not every long and short base can join together: A pairs only with T, and G pairs only with C. Because the bases always pair the same way, the new strands are identical to the parent strands and so the code is co ...
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS – CHAPTER 10
... dead virulent bacteria with a living but non-virulent strain of the same bacteria to demonstrate that DNA and NOT protein or any other cellular component was able to change the non-virulent living bacteria to the virulent form. This process of absorbing DNA from outside the cell is called transforma ...
... dead virulent bacteria with a living but non-virulent strain of the same bacteria to demonstrate that DNA and NOT protein or any other cellular component was able to change the non-virulent living bacteria to the virulent form. This process of absorbing DNA from outside the cell is called transforma ...
Dicer-Like
... What is Dicer’s role in RNAi? • Activated by exogenous double-stranded (ds) RNA • miRNA (micro RNA) -small, non-coding regions of double-stranded (ds) RNA 21-22 nucleotides ...
... What is Dicer’s role in RNAi? • Activated by exogenous double-stranded (ds) RNA • miRNA (micro RNA) -small, non-coding regions of double-stranded (ds) RNA 21-22 nucleotides ...
Practical 1
... If you haven't already downloaded and installed R in your computer you should do it now. The easiest way is to go to http://www.rstudio.com/ and install the latest version of RStudio. R is a langu ...
... If you haven't already downloaded and installed R in your computer you should do it now. The easiest way is to go to http://www.rstudio.com/ and install the latest version of RStudio. R is a langu ...
pdf - NUS Computing
... There are 43=64 different codons. Thus, the codons are not oneto-one correspondence to the 20 amino acids. All organisms use the same decoding table! The codons that encode the same amino acid tend to have the same first and second nucleotide. Recall that amino acids can be classified into 4 groups. ...
... There are 43=64 different codons. Thus, the codons are not oneto-one correspondence to the 20 amino acids. All organisms use the same decoding table! The codons that encode the same amino acid tend to have the same first and second nucleotide. Recall that amino acids can be classified into 4 groups. ...
Nucleic acid analogue
Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.