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The Origin of Life on Earth
The Origin of Life on Earth

... possible way around this paradox in the early 1980s. They discovered a certain type of RNA that acts like an enzyme, cutting and splicing itself into a functional molecule. The first organisms could have been vesicles of self-replicating RNA molecules. Other scientists think that proteins may have b ...
Genomics
Genomics

... change in mutant relative to wild-type Coupling Microarrays and Yeast Genetics: Mutant v. Wild-type Cell type 1 = WT Cell type 2 = Mutant ...
Secretory Protein mRNA Finds Another Way Out
Secretory Protein mRNA Finds Another Way Out

... within the same cell, others are secreted. One property that differentiates secretory proteins from cell-bound proteins is their signal sequence, which recruits protein complexes that grab the new protein while it’s still being translated and targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it wi ...
chapt02_lecture - Holden R
chapt02_lecture - Holden R

Lecture
Lecture

... designed to explore all of the available sequence databases regardless of whether the query is protein or DNA. The scores assigned in a BLAST search have a well-defined statistical interpretation, making real matches easier to distinguish from random background hits. BLAST uses an algorithm which se ...
Strawberry DNA extraction lab activity
Strawberry DNA extraction lab activity

... most commonly cultivated strawberry, Fragaria ananassa, is an octoploid with eight sets. This makes it a good candidate for demonstrating DNA extraction - with eight copies of each gene in the strawberry genome, strawberries are packed full of it. The strawberry, it turns out, has a long and complic ...
Chapter 04 Lecture and Animation Outline
Chapter 04 Lecture and Animation Outline

... – Homo sapiens has fewer than 100,000 genes – A single gene can code for many different proteins – A gene is on average 3,000 bases long (can be up to 2.4 million bases long) – All humans are at least 99.99% genetically identical • Still, two individuals can differ by more than 3 million base pairs ...
Frequently Asked Questions.
Frequently Asked Questions.

... DNA can be regarded as a recipe for the substances that our body creates. At InsightYou, we are predominantly interested in the DNA that contributes to substances that influence our brain cells. Variations in DNA mean, for instance, that a certain type of brain cell can be more (or less) active than ...
DNA Fingerprinting and Its Application in Paternity Testing
DNA Fingerprinting and Its Application in Paternity Testing

...  75% of human DNA is non-coding that contains hypervariable repetitive sequences e.g. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs). Genes and other associated regulatory sequences represent only 25% (30- ...
Molecular taxonomy,use of modern methods in the identification of a
Molecular taxonomy,use of modern methods in the identification of a

... has elapsed since the evolutionary lines diverged from a common ancestor. Fibrinopeptides on the other hand seem to be highly modifiable as a number of amino acid substitutions could be observed in a single group of animals, for example, mammals. Molecular Techniques Employed In Taxonomic Studies Th ...
Visualization of RNA molecules using VMD
Visualization of RNA molecules using VMD

... VMD (abbrev. Visual Molecular Dynamics) is a molecule visualisation and analysing tool for large biological macromolecules: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and membrane structures. It runs on most Unix systems, Apple Mac OS X and MS Windows. In addition to visualisation VMD's key features are visual ...
AP Biology
AP Biology

...  GMO’s and cloned animals and plants can be given beneficial characteristics or make needed products such as ...
Student Note Packet
Student Note Packet

... • genes may sometimes be selectively marked • may occur selectively in one sex • resulting in different effect depending upon from which parent inherited ...
Table 2A. Summary of Genetics Activities Activity 1: Mitosis and
Table 2A. Summary of Genetics Activities Activity 1: Mitosis and

... Summary of DNA Fingerprinting…What is DNA fingerprinting? How can DNA fingerprinting be useful in finding an answer to the viewer question? ...
ppt - Language Log
ppt - Language Log

DNA
DNA

... the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added ...
Biotech_Presentation_Honors
Biotech_Presentation_Honors

... produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA  A three-step cycle—heating, cooling, and replication—brings about a chain reaction that produces an exponentially growing population of identical DNA molecules  We are amplifying a gene segment that codes for the 16S ribosomal subunit.  Why ...
20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire
20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire

... a. Orthologs are homologous sequences; paralogs are analogous sequences. b. Orthologs are more similar than paralogs. c. Orthologs are in the same organism; paralogs are in different organisms. d. Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism. ...
11_Amino Acids
11_Amino Acids

Chapter 2 Section 2_3 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 2 Section 2_3 Carbon Compounds

... –  Carbon atoms have four valence electrons allowing it to form strong covalent bonds with many elements (i.e. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) ...
General method for synthesis of azo dyes
General method for synthesis of azo dyes

... • The molecule is effectively neutral – it carries equal and opposite charges • This is rarely near pH 7 because the molecule ionisation tendencies are affected by the other groups in the molecule. ...
Ch12_Lecture
Ch12_Lecture

... The charged tRNA will deliver the appropriate amino acid to join the elongating polypeptide product of translation. The specificity of the enzyme ensures that the correct amino acid and tRNA have been brought together. ...
File
File

... chain is forming  The ribosome has shifted over one so the second tRNA is now in the P site, allowing the A site to be open.  This continues until the entire code of mRNA has be translated and the ribosome reaches a stop codon ...
introduction1
introduction1

... Aims: To generate a high-quality reference DNA sequence for the human genome‘s 3 billion base pairs and to identify all human genes. Also to sequence the genomes of model organisms to interpret human DNA, enhance computational resources to support future research and commercial applications, explore ...
Manipulating DNA - tools and techniques 2012
Manipulating DNA - tools and techniques 2012

... sequence with lengths greater than 50 bases to be used as primers or probes ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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