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... High order PAM matrices are generated by successive multiplications of the PAM 1 matrix, since the probability of two independent events is equal to the product of the probabilities of each individual event While for the PAM 1 matrix it holds that a mutational event corresponds to a difference of 1 ...
... High order PAM matrices are generated by successive multiplications of the PAM 1 matrix, since the probability of two independent events is equal to the product of the probabilities of each individual event While for the PAM 1 matrix it holds that a mutational event corresponds to a difference of 1 ...
Obligate phototrophy in cyanobacteria: more than a lack of sugar
... acid sequence identity with, and a predictable structure similar to, that of a family of non-phosphorylating sugar carriers largely distributed among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It thus appeared probable that the carrier of other facultative phototrophic cyanobacteria using glucose as substrate woul ...
... acid sequence identity with, and a predictable structure similar to, that of a family of non-phosphorylating sugar carriers largely distributed among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It thus appeared probable that the carrier of other facultative phototrophic cyanobacteria using glucose as substrate woul ...
Biochemical and physiological bases for utilization
... Protein is quantitatively the most expensive nutrient in swine diets. Hence it is imperative to understand the physiological roles played by amino acids in growth, development, lactation, reproduction, and health of pigs to improve their protein nutrition and reduce the costs of pork production. Due ...
... Protein is quantitatively the most expensive nutrient in swine diets. Hence it is imperative to understand the physiological roles played by amino acids in growth, development, lactation, reproduction, and health of pigs to improve their protein nutrition and reduce the costs of pork production. Due ...
A REVIEW ABS - International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
... insoluble organic biomolecules that can be extracted from the cells and tissues by nonpolar solvents, e.g. chloroform. There are several different families or classes of lipids but all derive their distinctive properties from the hydrocarbon nature of a major portion of their structure. Chemically l ...
... insoluble organic biomolecules that can be extracted from the cells and tissues by nonpolar solvents, e.g. chloroform. There are several different families or classes of lipids but all derive their distinctive properties from the hydrocarbon nature of a major portion of their structure. Chemically l ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... LFP were designated 100SBS, 90SBS, and 75SBS. All samples, except 75SBS, showed highest increase in soluble protein content at 48 h and this was highest in 100S (49%) followed by 90SBS (15%), while increases in 100SBS, 90S, and 75S were about 12%. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in total amino acid ...
... LFP were designated 100SBS, 90SBS, and 75SBS. All samples, except 75SBS, showed highest increase in soluble protein content at 48 h and this was highest in 100S (49%) followed by 90SBS (15%), while increases in 100SBS, 90S, and 75S were about 12%. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in total amino acid ...
Regulation of Gene Expression
... • Function: It is the binding site for CTF1 (CAATbinding transcription factor) and C/EBP. The DNA-binding domain of TF1 is rich in basic Aas, and most likely it is in the alpha-helical conformation. C/EBP binds to DNA in a dimer known as leucine zipper. • Eukaryotes frequently have CAAT boxes, a str ...
... • Function: It is the binding site for CTF1 (CAATbinding transcription factor) and C/EBP. The DNA-binding domain of TF1 is rich in basic Aas, and most likely it is in the alpha-helical conformation. C/EBP binds to DNA in a dimer known as leucine zipper. • Eukaryotes frequently have CAAT boxes, a str ...
Chemical Modifications and Kinetic Study of Ribonuclease Sa Active
... Differencies in affinity of different purine nucleotides to ribonuclease Sa show that there are specific interactions between the nucleotide base und functional groups of the active site. These specific interactions are performed most probably through the formation of H-bridges between the donor — a ...
... Differencies in affinity of different purine nucleotides to ribonuclease Sa show that there are specific interactions between the nucleotide base und functional groups of the active site. These specific interactions are performed most probably through the formation of H-bridges between the donor — a ...
secondary metabolic processes and products
... The synthesis and degradation of carbohydrates, organic acids, proteins, lipids, pigments, aro matic compounds, phenolics, vitamins and phytohormones are classified as secondary pro cesses (i.e., secondary to respiration and photosynthesis), but the distinction is somewhat ar bitrary. The metabolism ...
... The synthesis and degradation of carbohydrates, organic acids, proteins, lipids, pigments, aro matic compounds, phenolics, vitamins and phytohormones are classified as secondary pro cesses (i.e., secondary to respiration and photosynthesis), but the distinction is somewhat ar bitrary. The metabolism ...
A mixed group ll/group III twintron in the Euglena
... gracilis chloroplast ribosomal protein S3 gene (rps3) was examined by cDNA cloning and sequencing, and northern hybridization. Based on the characterization of a partially spliced pre-mRNA, the intron was characterized as a 'mixed' twintron, composed of a 311 nucleotide group II intron internal to a ...
... gracilis chloroplast ribosomal protein S3 gene (rps3) was examined by cDNA cloning and sequencing, and northern hybridization. Based on the characterization of a partially spliced pre-mRNA, the intron was characterized as a 'mixed' twintron, composed of a 311 nucleotide group II intron internal to a ...
of the fatty acid is oxidized. Fatty acid oxidation is divided into two
... fatty acids have such structures because of their mode of synthesis . The oxidation of fatty acids containing double bonds requires additional steps. Likewise, fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily ...
... fatty acids have such structures because of their mode of synthesis . The oxidation of fatty acids containing double bonds requires additional steps. Likewise, fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily ...
End-product control of enzymes of branched
... isoleucine-valine pathway, the combination of all three amino acids gave in individual experiments activities 0.12-0.19 of those with no supplementation, the ratio of the means being 0.16. Supplementation with threonine, or with leucine, isoleucine or valine singly or in pairwise combinations, gave ...
... isoleucine-valine pathway, the combination of all three amino acids gave in individual experiments activities 0.12-0.19 of those with no supplementation, the ratio of the means being 0.16. Supplementation with threonine, or with leucine, isoleucine or valine singly or in pairwise combinations, gave ...
Amino Acid Degradation
... The degradation of aromatic amino acids requires molecular oxygen to break down the aromatic rings. The degradation of phenylalanine begins with a monooxygenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase which adds a hydroxyl group to phenylalanine to from tyrosine. Tyrosine aminotransferase deaminates tyrosine to ...
... The degradation of aromatic amino acids requires molecular oxygen to break down the aromatic rings. The degradation of phenylalanine begins with a monooxygenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase which adds a hydroxyl group to phenylalanine to from tyrosine. Tyrosine aminotransferase deaminates tyrosine to ...
... each of the metal ions i.e. Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+ and Zn2+ ion was observed, though at varying rates (Fig. 4). As previous work showed that different initial concentrations of Mg2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ ions have significant effects on lipid accumulation in C. bainieri sp. 2A1 [9], it was thou ...
Transamination Governs Nitrogen Isotope Heterogeneity of Amino
... Some amino acids differ in their ability to be transaminated. In mammals, tyrosine can be degraded but not synthesized by transamination, because the equivalent α-keto acid that would accept nitrogen and turn into tyrosine is unavailable.15 Hence, tyrosine can only be a nitrogen donor to the common n ...
... Some amino acids differ in their ability to be transaminated. In mammals, tyrosine can be degraded but not synthesized by transamination, because the equivalent α-keto acid that would accept nitrogen and turn into tyrosine is unavailable.15 Hence, tyrosine can only be a nitrogen donor to the common n ...
The Co-Evolution of Genes and Culture Pedigrees and the
... lactose tolerant. They can also be referred to as being lactase persistent, meaning that lactase production persists beyond childhood. (People who no longer produce lactase as adults are called lactase nonpersistent.) Genetic studies suggest that lactose tolerance arose among human populations in th ...
... lactose tolerant. They can also be referred to as being lactase persistent, meaning that lactase production persists beyond childhood. (People who no longer produce lactase as adults are called lactase nonpersistent.) Genetic studies suggest that lactose tolerance arose among human populations in th ...
Increase of Melanogenesis in the Presence of Fatty Acids
... pharmaceutical preparations tyrosinase is an important enzyme due to its role in the synthesis or modification of high-value compounds like the phytoestrogen coumestrol, known for its estrogenic activity, and L-DOPA, which is used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. A case study has reported a ...
... pharmaceutical preparations tyrosinase is an important enzyme due to its role in the synthesis or modification of high-value compounds like the phytoestrogen coumestrol, known for its estrogenic activity, and L-DOPA, which is used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. A case study has reported a ...
Metabolic profiling of strawberry
... fleshy fruits and genomics in Rosaceae. Strawberry fruit quality at different harvest stages is a function of the fruit’s metabolite content, which results from physiological changes during fruit growth and ripening. In order to investigate strawberry fruit development, untargeted (GC-MS) and target ...
... fleshy fruits and genomics in Rosaceae. Strawberry fruit quality at different harvest stages is a function of the fruit’s metabolite content, which results from physiological changes during fruit growth and ripening. In order to investigate strawberry fruit development, untargeted (GC-MS) and target ...
ORF distribution and statistics
... Error rates of NGS sequencing range from 0.1% to 0.6%, depending on the platform and the depth of coverage. Wall J D et al (2014) Estimating genotype error rates f rom high-coverage next-generation s equence data, Genome Res 24:1734-9. ...
... Error rates of NGS sequencing range from 0.1% to 0.6%, depending on the platform and the depth of coverage. Wall J D et al (2014) Estimating genotype error rates f rom high-coverage next-generation s equence data, Genome Res 24:1734-9. ...
Fermentation for Liquid-type Yogurt with Lactobacillus casei 911LC
... In general, protein decomposition during the manufacture of yogurt is low, compared with that found in cheese. Thus, protein breakdown to water-soluble products, including peptides, amino acids and ammonia, amounts to 25-35% in hard cheese and to about 90% in some soft cheese varieties. The content ...
... In general, protein decomposition during the manufacture of yogurt is low, compared with that found in cheese. Thus, protein breakdown to water-soluble products, including peptides, amino acids and ammonia, amounts to 25-35% in hard cheese and to about 90% in some soft cheese varieties. The content ...
bile acids - The Vespiary
... diazomethane in ether converts bile acids instantly into their methyl esters. However, small amounts of methyl ethers are formed as artefacts, so alternative methods are often employed. Methyl esters are quantitatively formed with methanol}sulfuric acid or anhydrous methanolic hydrochloric acid. Alt ...
... diazomethane in ether converts bile acids instantly into their methyl esters. However, small amounts of methyl ethers are formed as artefacts, so alternative methods are often employed. Methyl esters are quantitatively formed with methanol}sulfuric acid or anhydrous methanolic hydrochloric acid. Alt ...
Nucleic acid analogue
Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.