Lack of homology between two haloacetate dehalogenase genes
... The diversity of the dehalogenases may result from selection for micro-organismsable to degrade a variety of novel halogenated compounds. Enzyme evolution may be initiated by tandem duplication of a gene, followed by the accumulation of multiple mutations on either gene copy, which results in the cr ...
... The diversity of the dehalogenases may result from selection for micro-organismsable to degrade a variety of novel halogenated compounds. Enzyme evolution may be initiated by tandem duplication of a gene, followed by the accumulation of multiple mutations on either gene copy, which results in the cr ...
Methylation of an upstream Alu sequence on the Imprinted H19
... Alu sequences are repetitive 300 base pair, site specific elements interspersed in primate genomes. They contain numerous CpG islands that are sometimes methylated. Alu methylation differs between somatic and germ cell DNA, suggesting a possible role for Alu sequences in genomic imprinting. The obje ...
... Alu sequences are repetitive 300 base pair, site specific elements interspersed in primate genomes. They contain numerous CpG islands that are sometimes methylated. Alu methylation differs between somatic and germ cell DNA, suggesting a possible role for Alu sequences in genomic imprinting. The obje ...
Acids and Bases
... and the Lewis definitions (Section 2.5). In the Brønsted–Lowry definitions, an acid is a species that donates a proton, and a base is a species that accepts a proton. (Remember that positively charged hydrogen ions are called protons.) In the following reaction, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is an acid be ...
... and the Lewis definitions (Section 2.5). In the Brønsted–Lowry definitions, an acid is a species that donates a proton, and a base is a species that accepts a proton. (Remember that positively charged hydrogen ions are called protons.) In the following reaction, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is an acid be ...
Predicted function of the vaccinia virus G5R protein
... each protein associated with the intracellular mature virion using mass spectrometry were unable to detect G5R within the intracellular mature virion (Yoder et al., 2006; Chung et al., 2006). When we employed a hidden Markov model (HMM) comparison search tool (HHsearch) to screen for the functions o ...
... each protein associated with the intracellular mature virion using mass spectrometry were unable to detect G5R within the intracellular mature virion (Yoder et al., 2006; Chung et al., 2006). When we employed a hidden Markov model (HMM) comparison search tool (HHsearch) to screen for the functions o ...
Nucleotide Bias Causes a Genomewide Bias in the Amino Acid
... have a higher proportion of membrane-spanning proteins, and this could result in differences in amino acid composition that are functionally based. In order to eliminate this possibility, we performed an additional comparison, using only the amino acid and nucleotide compositions of genes that are s ...
... have a higher proportion of membrane-spanning proteins, and this could result in differences in amino acid composition that are functionally based. In order to eliminate this possibility, we performed an additional comparison, using only the amino acid and nucleotide compositions of genes that are s ...
CpG Mutation Rates in the Human Genome Are
... FIG. 2.—Rates of 5mC deamination, based on human SNPs with a known ancestral base, plotted with respect to the GC content of neighboring sequences (the orthologous chimpanzee genomic contig [see Methods]). (A) Black bars show the rate of CpG ! TpG or CpG ! CpA base substitutions per CpG dinucleotide ...
... FIG. 2.—Rates of 5mC deamination, based on human SNPs with a known ancestral base, plotted with respect to the GC content of neighboring sequences (the orthologous chimpanzee genomic contig [see Methods]). (A) Black bars show the rate of CpG ! TpG or CpG ! CpA base substitutions per CpG dinucleotide ...
Risk assessment of T-DNA borders from Agrobacterium tumefaciens
... number of hits found by Rommens et al., although the same genomes were used. This difference is caused by the phenomenon that different nucleotide triplets may lead to the same amino acid. As example, the first reading frame of the remainder of the nopaline left border comprises 21 nucleotides, tran ...
... number of hits found by Rommens et al., although the same genomes were used. This difference is caused by the phenomenon that different nucleotide triplets may lead to the same amino acid. As example, the first reading frame of the remainder of the nopaline left border comprises 21 nucleotides, tran ...
DNA Crystallography
... a) X-ray diffraction has taught us most of what we know about the arrangements of atoms and molecules in crystals and complex molecules, including proteins and DNA. b) Optical interference is at the core of holography, which has become a widely used industrial technique for detecting defects in manu ...
... a) X-ray diffraction has taught us most of what we know about the arrangements of atoms and molecules in crystals and complex molecules, including proteins and DNA. b) Optical interference is at the core of holography, which has become a widely used industrial technique for detecting defects in manu ...
Applied Microbiolgy and Biotechnology
... The nucleotide sequence of the WT gene (GenBank accession number GU390533), encoding for an ORF of 482 residues, was compared with that of the mutant using the CLUSTAL W2 program (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ Tools/clustalw2/index.html). The alignment showed that the 186th nucleotide, downstream the start ...
... The nucleotide sequence of the WT gene (GenBank accession number GU390533), encoding for an ORF of 482 residues, was compared with that of the mutant using the CLUSTAL W2 program (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ Tools/clustalw2/index.html). The alignment showed that the 186th nucleotide, downstream the start ...
Proteins and amino acids
... Amino acids – Hydrophobicity Hydrophobicity is the most important property It drives the folding of a protein The sticky amino acids glue together The non-sticky amino acids point to the water The waters must be ‘happy’ ...
... Amino acids – Hydrophobicity Hydrophobicity is the most important property It drives the folding of a protein The sticky amino acids glue together The non-sticky amino acids point to the water The waters must be ‘happy’ ...
Replication origin plasticity, Taylor-made: inhibition vs
... fiber could be unambiguously determined. Naturally, during the course of three decades, many other methods were developed to map replication origins. However, DNA fiber methods remain the only approach that can reveal the distribution of origins that simultaneously fire on a given DNA molecule. The ...
... fiber could be unambiguously determined. Naturally, during the course of three decades, many other methods were developed to map replication origins. However, DNA fiber methods remain the only approach that can reveal the distribution of origins that simultaneously fire on a given DNA molecule. The ...
1. Pam matrices
... one another. Besides, PAM matrix is also based on global sequence alignment being calculated by observed the dissimilarity in closely related proteins. Result of PAM matrix is being represented in log-odd table where the ratio of related alignment sequence divided by ratio of unrelated alignment seq ...
... one another. Besides, PAM matrix is also based on global sequence alignment being calculated by observed the dissimilarity in closely related proteins. Result of PAM matrix is being represented in log-odd table where the ratio of related alignment sequence divided by ratio of unrelated alignment seq ...
What Darwin didn`t know: Mendel and basic genetics Extending
... Chromosomes are discovered and come in pairs A brief introduction to mitosis and meiosis Haploidy, diploidy, polyploidy Sex chromosomes: an unusual pair Recombination via crossing over ...
... Chromosomes are discovered and come in pairs A brief introduction to mitosis and meiosis Haploidy, diploidy, polyploidy Sex chromosomes: an unusual pair Recombination via crossing over ...
CHOLESTEROL 10/02-03/07 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1) To
... hydrocarbon chain shortened by three carbons, carboxyl group added to end of chain 3) rate-limiting committed step catalyzed by cholesterol 7-a hydroxylase (feedback inhibited by cholic acid, stimulated by cholesterol) 4) most common products are “primary” bile acids – cholic acid and chenodeoxychol ...
... hydrocarbon chain shortened by three carbons, carboxyl group added to end of chain 3) rate-limiting committed step catalyzed by cholesterol 7-a hydroxylase (feedback inhibited by cholic acid, stimulated by cholesterol) 4) most common products are “primary” bile acids – cholic acid and chenodeoxychol ...
Lesson Overview
... Protein polymers are: proteins such as hemoglobin Protein monomers are: amino acids that are linked to each other by peptide bonds to make polypeptides called proteins. ...
... Protein polymers are: proteins such as hemoglobin Protein monomers are: amino acids that are linked to each other by peptide bonds to make polypeptides called proteins. ...
Semiconservative Replication in the Quasispecies Model
... p(σ, σ ′ )p((σ, σ ′ ), (σ ′′ , σ̄ ′′ )). Write σ = b1 . . . bL , σ = b′1 . . . b′L , and σ” = b1 ” . . . bL ”. Let l ≡ HD(σ, σ”). Let us consider some i for which bi = bi ”. Then b′i can take on any value, for if b′i = b̄i ”, then no repair is necessary, and we obtain bi → (bi ”, b̄i ”). If b′i 6= b ...
... p(σ, σ ′ )p((σ, σ ′ ), (σ ′′ , σ̄ ′′ )). Write σ = b1 . . . bL , σ = b′1 . . . b′L , and σ” = b1 ” . . . bL ”. Let l ≡ HD(σ, σ”). Let us consider some i for which bi = bi ”. Then b′i can take on any value, for if b′i = b̄i ”, then no repair is necessary, and we obtain bi → (bi ”, b̄i ”). If b′i 6= b ...
PVC - Electrochemical.net
... specifically developed for corrosion resistance and adhesive bonding to metals, concrete, and FRP. PVC is a thermoplastic resin that is melt flow processible. Duro-Bond PVC sheet lining is available in thicknesses 90 mils (2.3 mm) and 180 mils (4.6 mm). ...
... specifically developed for corrosion resistance and adhesive bonding to metals, concrete, and FRP. PVC is a thermoplastic resin that is melt flow processible. Duro-Bond PVC sheet lining is available in thicknesses 90 mils (2.3 mm) and 180 mils (4.6 mm). ...
PCR detection of the two `Candidatus` liberobacter species
... a minimum of 2 h of incubation of the homogenate with proteinase K. Incubation could be conveniently carried out overnight. Under these conditions, amplification was obtained with 2 to 10 ll of wizard extracts, but larger quantities of extract (25 ll) had an inhibitory effect on the PCR reaction. Sp ...
... a minimum of 2 h of incubation of the homogenate with proteinase K. Incubation could be conveniently carried out overnight. Under these conditions, amplification was obtained with 2 to 10 ll of wizard extracts, but larger quantities of extract (25 ll) had an inhibitory effect on the PCR reaction. Sp ...
L. LEWIS ACID CATALYSIS
... presence of two intermediates (blue and red) as well as the product bound enzyme (purple) and free enzyme (green). Taken from ref. 1. Nitrile hydratase is often purified with a nitric oxide (NO) ligand instead of the solvent molecule at position X in Figure L.3. It is know that this complex, in whic ...
... presence of two intermediates (blue and red) as well as the product bound enzyme (purple) and free enzyme (green). Taken from ref. 1. Nitrile hydratase is often purified with a nitric oxide (NO) ligand instead of the solvent molecule at position X in Figure L.3. It is know that this complex, in whic ...
Introduction to Biology
... Torsion in Phi and Psi angles can occur only in some permissable limits i.e only certain combinations of these two angles are possible. These limits were first mapped by G.N. Ramachandran in the 1960s. ...
... Torsion in Phi and Psi angles can occur only in some permissable limits i.e only certain combinations of these two angles are possible. These limits were first mapped by G.N. Ramachandran in the 1960s. ...
Problem-Set Solutions
... 26.10 dietary protein, protein turnover, biosynthesis of amino acids in the liver 26.11 Protein turnover is the repetitive process in which proteins are degraded and resynthesized in the human body. 26.12 Enzymes and regulatory hormones have higher turnover rates than other proteins. 26.13 Nitrogen ...
... 26.10 dietary protein, protein turnover, biosynthesis of amino acids in the liver 26.11 Protein turnover is the repetitive process in which proteins are degraded and resynthesized in the human body. 26.12 Enzymes and regulatory hormones have higher turnover rates than other proteins. 26.13 Nitrogen ...
Prostaglandin biosynthesis and functions Introduction - Rose
... series two products. The properties of the different series are somewhat different. Eskimos have a low incidence of heart disease in spite of an extremely high fat diet; one likely contributing factor is the higher degree of unsaturation in the fatty acid prostaglandin precursors and in the prostagl ...
... series two products. The properties of the different series are somewhat different. Eskimos have a low incidence of heart disease in spite of an extremely high fat diet; one likely contributing factor is the higher degree of unsaturation in the fatty acid prostaglandin precursors and in the prostagl ...
Nucleic acid analogue
Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.