Chap21 test review
... 25. Explain why two different species in an ecosystem can share the same habitat but not the same niche. 26. Explain the difference between a population and a community. Explain at least 2 examples. 27. Define abiotic factor and give four examples. Why might these factors be important to the biotic ...
... 25. Explain why two different species in an ecosystem can share the same habitat but not the same niche. 26. Explain the difference between a population and a community. Explain at least 2 examples. 27. Define abiotic factor and give four examples. Why might these factors be important to the biotic ...
ZAP! - Fort Wayne Children`s Zoo
... The energy stored by plants is passed along through the ecosystem in a series of steps of eating and being eaten. However, no organism lives wholly on another. The resources are shared. For example, plants are eaten by a variety of insects, birds, mammals and fish; some of the animals are eaten by s ...
... The energy stored by plants is passed along through the ecosystem in a series of steps of eating and being eaten. However, no organism lives wholly on another. The resources are shared. For example, plants are eaten by a variety of insects, birds, mammals and fish; some of the animals are eaten by s ...
Demographic drivers of successional changes in phylogenetic
... Kraft and Ackerley 2010, Swenson et al. 2012). Secondary forests, however, provide an ideal laboratory for testing ecological theories, as they reflect community assembly in action. So far, successional models have been based on the premise that species turnover through time is dictated by difference ...
... Kraft and Ackerley 2010, Swenson et al. 2012). Secondary forests, however, provide an ideal laboratory for testing ecological theories, as they reflect community assembly in action. So far, successional models have been based on the premise that species turnover through time is dictated by difference ...
Contrasted associations between seabirds and marine mammals
... The estimation of this number of expected co-occurrences is determined using a routine program created with the software R (R Development Core Team 2012). First, a simple index of simultaneous presence was calculated for every possible pair of species over the available scans for each community. We ...
... The estimation of this number of expected co-occurrences is determined using a routine program created with the software R (R Development Core Team 2012). First, a simple index of simultaneous presence was calculated for every possible pair of species over the available scans for each community. We ...
The Bottom Line: Impacts of Alien Plant Invasions in Protected Areas
... nutrient cycling, hydrology and fire regimes (Levine et al. 2003). These authors found that many studies examined the impacts of invasions on plant diversity and composition, but fewer than 5 % test whether these effects arise through competition, allelopathy, alteration of ecosystem variables or ot ...
... nutrient cycling, hydrology and fire regimes (Levine et al. 2003). These authors found that many studies examined the impacts of invasions on plant diversity and composition, but fewer than 5 % test whether these effects arise through competition, allelopathy, alteration of ecosystem variables or ot ...
A keystone predator controls bacterial diversity in the pitcher
... Bacterial assemblages may be structured by many forces at both local and regional scales. They are integrated into complex food webs and their composition, in terms of species diversity and cell abundance, may be controlled by a combination of ‘top-down’ factors, such as grazing by predators, and ‘b ...
... Bacterial assemblages may be structured by many forces at both local and regional scales. They are integrated into complex food webs and their composition, in terms of species diversity and cell abundance, may be controlled by a combination of ‘top-down’ factors, such as grazing by predators, and ‘b ...
Competition - WordPress.com
... resources—resulting in lower fitness for both (/). 2. Consumption occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another, increasing the consumer’s fitness but decreasing the victim’s fitness (+/). 3. Mutualism occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to bo ...
... resources—resulting in lower fitness for both (/). 2. Consumption occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another, increasing the consumer’s fitness but decreasing the victim’s fitness (+/). 3. Mutualism occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to bo ...
Rebuilding Global Fisheries - Department of Marine and Coastal
... fisheries are under way. Here, we analyze current trends from a fisheries and conservation perspective. In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems, the average exploitation rate has recently declined and is now at or below the rate predicted to achieve maximum sustainable yield for seven systems. Yet 63% of ...
... fisheries are under way. Here, we analyze current trends from a fisheries and conservation perspective. In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems, the average exploitation rate has recently declined and is now at or below the rate predicted to achieve maximum sustainable yield for seven systems. Yet 63% of ...
Coevolutionary dynamics of adaptive radiation for food
... and suppose that they are isolated from each other. Then, in each interaction group, the predators (i.e., species whose x belong to this group) evolve their x to catch up with their prey (i.e., species whose y belong to this group), while the prey evolve their y to escape from the predation, as illu ...
... and suppose that they are isolated from each other. Then, in each interaction group, the predators (i.e., species whose x belong to this group) evolve their x to catch up with their prey (i.e., species whose y belong to this group), while the prey evolve their y to escape from the predation, as illu ...
Intra- and interspecific competition among coexisting lotic snails
... more food per unit area than in control streams. Therefore, periphyton AFDM and chlorophyll a on treatment rocks were quantified throughout the experiment. Periphyton AFDM was estimated from three rocks of each treatment three times during the experiment. AFDM was quantified by scrubbing the upper s ...
... more food per unit area than in control streams. Therefore, periphyton AFDM and chlorophyll a on treatment rocks were quantified throughout the experiment. Periphyton AFDM was estimated from three rocks of each treatment three times during the experiment. AFDM was quantified by scrubbing the upper s ...
Gilliam FS and MR Roberts. 2003. The dynamic nature of the
... layer, comprising two functional groups: resident species and transient species. Resident species are those with life-history characteristics that confine them to maximum above-ground heights of no more than about 1.5 m. Transient species are those with the potential to develop and emerge into higher ...
... layer, comprising two functional groups: resident species and transient species. Resident species are those with life-history characteristics that confine them to maximum above-ground heights of no more than about 1.5 m. Transient species are those with the potential to develop and emerge into higher ...
Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic
... with other drivers. Considerable progress has been made recently by tackling climate change in this piecemeal fashion (Ledger et al., 2012; Mintenbeck et al., 2012; Yvon-Durocher et al., 2010a,b), but there is still much to do, especially, if we are to understand the consequences for multi-species s ...
... with other drivers. Considerable progress has been made recently by tackling climate change in this piecemeal fashion (Ledger et al., 2012; Mintenbeck et al., 2012; Yvon-Durocher et al., 2010a,b), but there is still much to do, especially, if we are to understand the consequences for multi-species s ...
Above and below ground impacts of terrestrial mammals
... mites, nematodes, and, more recently, spiders (Lawrence and Wise 2000, Moran and Alison 2002, Miyashita and Niwa 2006). Ecosystem influences of higher trophic levels, however, are often disproportionate to their biomass (Turner 1992) and roles of vertebrate predators should be considered if we are ...
... mites, nematodes, and, more recently, spiders (Lawrence and Wise 2000, Moran and Alison 2002, Miyashita and Niwa 2006). Ecosystem influences of higher trophic levels, however, are often disproportionate to their biomass (Turner 1992) and roles of vertebrate predators should be considered if we are ...
The foraging behavior of granivorous rodents
... potential cause of either short-term or long-term apparent competition are limited to studies of the prey searching behavior of parasitoids (Settle and Wilson, 1990), predatory mites ( Janssen et al., 1998), and big-eyed bugs (Geocoris punctipes; Eubanks and Denno, 2000). The first two studies did n ...
... potential cause of either short-term or long-term apparent competition are limited to studies of the prey searching behavior of parasitoids (Settle and Wilson, 1990), predatory mites ( Janssen et al., 1998), and big-eyed bugs (Geocoris punctipes; Eubanks and Denno, 2000). The first two studies did n ...
Effects of cattle grazing on small mammal communities in the
... that small mammals play in ecosystems, it is necessary to explore their response to grazing if we hope to fully understand the ecological consequences of cattle grazing and develop sustainable land use strategies. Manipulated experiments have proved to be an important method to answer this question. ...
... that small mammals play in ecosystems, it is necessary to explore their response to grazing if we hope to fully understand the ecological consequences of cattle grazing and develop sustainable land use strategies. Manipulated experiments have proved to be an important method to answer this question. ...
Small-mammal herbivore control of secondary succession in New
... Species cover was quantified every two weeks for the first six weeks of the experiment, after which recovery was assessed at the end and beginning of the growing season for three years (2005–2007). Cover was measured using the point-intercept method: the plot was overlayed with a 10 3 10 string grid ( ...
... Species cover was quantified every two weeks for the first six weeks of the experiment, after which recovery was assessed at the end and beginning of the growing season for three years (2005–2007). Cover was measured using the point-intercept method: the plot was overlayed with a 10 3 10 string grid ( ...
Estimating competition coefоcients: strong competition among three
... competitive interactions in this system if two reasonable assumptions are met. The ®rst of these assumptions is that all competition between these species happens during the larval stage, i.e., the adult insects do not compete. I also assumed that each unit of adult biomass results in a certain numb ...
... competitive interactions in this system if two reasonable assumptions are met. The ®rst of these assumptions is that all competition between these species happens during the larval stage, i.e., the adult insects do not compete. I also assumed that each unit of adult biomass results in a certain numb ...
Chapter 11
... The importance of crowding and competition in regulating the size of plants and the total biomass of a population was demonstrated by a series of studies in the 1950s and early 1960s (Kira et al. 1953, 1954, 1956; Ikusima et al. 1955; Hozumi et al. 1955, 1956; Shinozaki and Kira 1956, 1961; Koyama a ...
... The importance of crowding and competition in regulating the size of plants and the total biomass of a population was demonstrated by a series of studies in the 1950s and early 1960s (Kira et al. 1953, 1954, 1956; Ikusima et al. 1955; Hozumi et al. 1955, 1956; Shinozaki and Kira 1956, 1961; Koyama a ...
Classes of Sponges
... Behaviors that an animal exhibits that increases it’s _________. For example: o Defending ___________ o ___________ during the night. ...
... Behaviors that an animal exhibits that increases it’s _________. For example: o Defending ___________ o ___________ during the night. ...
Nest predation in New Zealand songbirds: Exotic predators
... New Zealand songbirds (see Appendix S1). From the resulting articles we extracted where possible the number of nests destroyed by predators, number of failed nests, number of nests studied, and when and where the study was done. An obvious constraint on the data is that it is not always possible to ...
... New Zealand songbirds (see Appendix S1). From the resulting articles we extracted where possible the number of nests destroyed by predators, number of failed nests, number of nests studied, and when and where the study was done. An obvious constraint on the data is that it is not always possible to ...
Keystone Study Guide
... Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy). Describe the following patterns of inheritance: ...
... Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy). Describe the following patterns of inheritance: ...
Mutualistic Mimicry and Filtering by Altitude Shape the Structure of
... eastern Ecuador (table 1; fig. 1B). This data set, which ignores abundances since abundance data were not collected at all sites, aims at representing most of the diversity present in these sites. We obtained data for 155 species at these 15 sites, representing 90% of the total of 173 species that a ...
... eastern Ecuador (table 1; fig. 1B). This data set, which ignores abundances since abundance data were not collected at all sites, aims at representing most of the diversity present in these sites. We obtained data for 155 species at these 15 sites, representing 90% of the total of 173 species that a ...
Does camouflage work?
... As many farmers sprayed over a large area, the insect population quickly became all resistant. This is shown in Figure 4.12.5. Resistant insects are shown in colour. ...
... As many farmers sprayed over a large area, the insect population quickly became all resistant. This is shown in Figure 4.12.5. Resistant insects are shown in colour. ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.