Americana, American History Mathematics
... Useful for independent study and as a reference work, this introduction to differential geometry features many examples and exercises. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, it defines geometric structure by specifying the parallel transport in an appropriate fiber bundle, fo ...
... Useful for independent study and as a reference work, this introduction to differential geometry features many examples and exercises. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, it defines geometric structure by specifying the parallel transport in an appropriate fiber bundle, fo ...
REVIEW ESSAY
... competing employments, social trajectories, and value constellations. Understanding this socio-economics is necessary to account for contemporary sex/gender differences, but it is not a sufficient explanation. Kheel complements the structural analysis with material from the psychological literature, ...
... competing employments, social trajectories, and value constellations. Understanding this socio-economics is necessary to account for contemporary sex/gender differences, but it is not a sufficient explanation. Kheel complements the structural analysis with material from the psychological literature, ...
- New Zealand Ecological Society
... determine vegetation patterns and species composition of plant communities is often unclear, especially when modified vegetation is recovering after intensive disturbance. Identifying the primary environmental drivers is of practical importance for conservation management when the vegetation type is ...
... determine vegetation patterns and species composition of plant communities is often unclear, especially when modified vegetation is recovering after intensive disturbance. Identifying the primary environmental drivers is of practical importance for conservation management when the vegetation type is ...
Macroevolution, Minimalism, and The Radiation of the Animals
... another makes a selectable phenotypic difference: it (say) makes a male guppy brighter. Genes are difference-makers, but only if we hold fixed the causal background in which they act. In such restricted contexts, the concept of a genotypephenotype map and these associated causal claims make good sen ...
... another makes a selectable phenotypic difference: it (say) makes a male guppy brighter. Genes are difference-makers, but only if we hold fixed the causal background in which they act. In such restricted contexts, the concept of a genotypephenotype map and these associated causal claims make good sen ...
a framework of values: reasons for conserving biodiversity and
... that this person starts to wantonly destroy the natural environment around her for no apparent reason. She is not hurting – directly or indirectly – other human beings, yet we may have the feeling that her actions are still wrong. Outgoing from this moral intuition, we may derive the idea that natur ...
... that this person starts to wantonly destroy the natural environment around her for no apparent reason. She is not hurting – directly or indirectly – other human beings, yet we may have the feeling that her actions are still wrong. Outgoing from this moral intuition, we may derive the idea that natur ...
Within outlying mean indexes: refining the OMI analysis for
... the niche occupation dynamics of each species within the community, at different subsets of habitat conditions within the sampling domain. In other words, we aim to scrutinize the subniches of species within a community in the same reference plane, made by the resulting factorial axes from the OMI a ...
... the niche occupation dynamics of each species within the community, at different subsets of habitat conditions within the sampling domain. In other words, we aim to scrutinize the subniches of species within a community in the same reference plane, made by the resulting factorial axes from the OMI a ...
Aurelia aurita: the Moon Jelly
... of the water vascular system increase with time, allowing scientist to use this change in physiology to age an individual. While selection occurs at every stage of the life cycle, at any Fig. 3 Shows the life cycle and reproduction cycle of Aurelia aurita (Muller and Leitz, 2002) ...
... of the water vascular system increase with time, allowing scientist to use this change in physiology to age an individual. While selection occurs at every stage of the life cycle, at any Fig. 3 Shows the life cycle and reproduction cycle of Aurelia aurita (Muller and Leitz, 2002) ...
The Feeding Ecology and Behavior of Five Species of Herons in
... flocks, I noted flock composition and dynamics. I visited the marsh on 206 days for a total of 1,380 hours over four years, 1971-1974. I made observations in all months, although more often in March through November. In order to follow seasonal changes, I analyzed the data month by month. Monthly pa ...
... flocks, I noted flock composition and dynamics. I visited the marsh on 206 days for a total of 1,380 hours over four years, 1971-1974. I made observations in all months, although more often in March through November. In order to follow seasonal changes, I analyzed the data month by month. Monthly pa ...
How do seagrasses grow and spread?
... their rates, as well as mechanisms of seagrasses to spread. We do so by describing seagrass architectural features and the wide repertoire of module addition and growth rates, and discussing the mechanisms and rates of seagrass colonisation. Four sections of this chapter are dedicated to the growth ...
... their rates, as well as mechanisms of seagrasses to spread. We do so by describing seagrass architectural features and the wide repertoire of module addition and growth rates, and discussing the mechanisms and rates of seagrass colonisation. Four sections of this chapter are dedicated to the growth ...
estimating species richness three different ways
... ants. In most terrestrial ecosystems ants are a conspicuous presence, and they are among the most commonly studied terrestrial invertebrates. They are mostly scavengers and predators, and they have large impacts on soil formation, seed predation and dispersal, and invertebrate community structure (F ...
... ants. In most terrestrial ecosystems ants are a conspicuous presence, and they are among the most commonly studied terrestrial invertebrates. They are mostly scavengers and predators, and they have large impacts on soil formation, seed predation and dispersal, and invertebrate community structure (F ...
here - Azuero Earth Project
... traits that make them easy to locate. These traits include frequent vocalization, travel in noisy social groups, and predictable return to salt licks, dens or fruiting trees. Preferred game species include ungulates and large primates throughout the tropics and large rodents (>1 kg) wherever they oc ...
... traits that make them easy to locate. These traits include frequent vocalization, travel in noisy social groups, and predictable return to salt licks, dens or fruiting trees. Preferred game species include ungulates and large primates throughout the tropics and large rodents (>1 kg) wherever they oc ...
Invasiveness Does Not Predict Impact: Response of Native Land
... data, meaning that the models did not violate the basic assumption of the independence of errors of the observations due to spatial autocorrelation [82,83], we used a spline correlogram with 1000 resamples for bootstrap [84–86] based on Moran’s I [87,88], to investigate residuals of the models [89]. ...
... data, meaning that the models did not violate the basic assumption of the independence of errors of the observations due to spatial autocorrelation [82,83], we used a spline correlogram with 1000 resamples for bootstrap [84–86] based on Moran’s I [87,88], to investigate residuals of the models [89]. ...
- Bergen.org
... land. Lichens colonize the rock. Decaying lichens as well as minerals from the rock lead to soil formation. Soil leads to colonization by pioneer species, such as moss and weeds. Large plants, such as shrubs and trees, replace pioneer species. Various trees become dominant, and ...
... land. Lichens colonize the rock. Decaying lichens as well as minerals from the rock lead to soil formation. Soil leads to colonization by pioneer species, such as moss and weeds. Large plants, such as shrubs and trees, replace pioneer species. Various trees become dominant, and ...
A Aposematic Coloration
... capacity, and the strength of the prey unpalatability, may all influence how fast information regarding prey is acquired and how long it is retained. However, a distasteful prey will inevitably lower the predators’ instantaneous propensity to attack this prey further, an effect analogous to an immedi ...
... capacity, and the strength of the prey unpalatability, may all influence how fast information regarding prey is acquired and how long it is retained. However, a distasteful prey will inevitably lower the predators’ instantaneous propensity to attack this prey further, an effect analogous to an immedi ...
Teacher Guide
... See also the phylogenies under Science Background for a quick overview of how vertebrates are related. 3. Ecology and Taxonomy Students may wonder about the relationship between ecology and taxonomy, so it may be fruitful to have a class discussion about that topic. Animals not closely related but e ...
... See also the phylogenies under Science Background for a quick overview of how vertebrates are related. 3. Ecology and Taxonomy Students may wonder about the relationship between ecology and taxonomy, so it may be fruitful to have a class discussion about that topic. Animals not closely related but e ...
Do changes in berry crops drive population fluctuations in small C
... spp. (C. J. Krebs, pers. obs.). Hereafter, for brevity we use Myodes for M. rutilus and Peromyscus for P. maniculatus. The key variable that affects population trends in these Yukon small rodents is overwinter survival (Gilbert and Krebs 1991), and this led Boonstra et al. (2001) to postulate a bott ...
... spp. (C. J. Krebs, pers. obs.). Hereafter, for brevity we use Myodes for M. rutilus and Peromyscus for P. maniculatus. The key variable that affects population trends in these Yukon small rodents is overwinter survival (Gilbert and Krebs 1991), and this led Boonstra et al. (2001) to postulate a bott ...
comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems
... or most biodiversity at the ecosystem or landscape level. These approaches integrate spatially explicit data on vegetation cover (or other measures of biodiversity) and land management to prioritize potential sites for conservation. These spatial analyses are becoming increasingly sophisticated, and ...
... or most biodiversity at the ecosystem or landscape level. These approaches integrate spatially explicit data on vegetation cover (or other measures of biodiversity) and land management to prioritize potential sites for conservation. These spatial analyses are becoming increasingly sophisticated, and ...
Threatened species of the Northern Territory
... It fits Endangered (under criteria B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) based on: • area of occupancy estimated to be <500 km2; • severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations; and • continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected Within this set, the qualification for decline is based la ...
... It fits Endangered (under criteria B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) based on: • area of occupancy estimated to be <500 km2; • severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations; and • continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected Within this set, the qualification for decline is based la ...
Biogeography and the structure of coral reef fish communities on
... mainland populations owing to the lower number of competing species (density compensation, sensu MacArthur et al., 1972) we compared the mean density of benthic feeding butterflyfishes (genera Chaetodon and Forcipiger) at the islands with that of the Indonesian region (see Appendix S1). Butterflyfis ...
... mainland populations owing to the lower number of competing species (density compensation, sensu MacArthur et al., 1972) we compared the mean density of benthic feeding butterflyfishes (genera Chaetodon and Forcipiger) at the islands with that of the Indonesian region (see Appendix S1). Butterflyfis ...
Deer herbivory affects the functional diversity of forest floor plants via
... 2011). The deterministic process is based on niche theory (Hutchinson 1959), and when this process is dominant, community composition should depend on local biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. In contrast, when stochastic processes are dominant, community assembly is primarily shaped random ...
... 2011). The deterministic process is based on niche theory (Hutchinson 1959), and when this process is dominant, community composition should depend on local biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. In contrast, when stochastic processes are dominant, community assembly is primarily shaped random ...
How humans drive speciation as well as extinction
... of phenotypic change in 40 populations subject to human harvesting against the rate seen in 20 systems experiencing selection from natural forces only (e.g. Darwin’s finches) ...
... of phenotypic change in 40 populations subject to human harvesting against the rate seen in 20 systems experiencing selection from natural forces only (e.g. Darwin’s finches) ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.