Ecological niches occupied by in South African rangeland communities Dichapetalum cymosum
... eradication by conventional control methods are labour intensive, expensive and often impractical. In South Africa, the communal or emerging farming sectors are the most affected. This is mainly due to the high costs associated with control measures such as fencing, supplementary feeding and veterin ...
... eradication by conventional control methods are labour intensive, expensive and often impractical. In South Africa, the communal or emerging farming sectors are the most affected. This is mainly due to the high costs associated with control measures such as fencing, supplementary feeding and veterin ...
Life histories cont. – size/number
... single breeding season. When they do, the same kinds of comparisons among brood sizes obtain, but the whole pattern is moved down 1 egg. Maximum percent recovery, productivity, and frequency in the population of broods ...
... single breeding season. When they do, the same kinds of comparisons among brood sizes obtain, but the whole pattern is moved down 1 egg. Maximum percent recovery, productivity, and frequency in the population of broods ...
Environmental Variation, Stochastic Extinction, and Competitive
... from the evolution of individual traits (Cohen 1966; Venable and Brown 1988) to the stability of ecosystem processes (Tilman and Downing 1994; Bai et al. 2004). This basic research must now provide the foundation for understanding the ecological impacts of expected increases in climate variability. ...
... from the evolution of individual traits (Cohen 1966; Venable and Brown 1988) to the stability of ecosystem processes (Tilman and Downing 1994; Bai et al. 2004). This basic research must now provide the foundation for understanding the ecological impacts of expected increases in climate variability. ...
Species Diversity of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates
... There are two fundamentally different ways to look on the way consumers use their resources. The first is that different species partition the resource in a particular manner, so that some species get a particular part and other species another part. In this view, the sum of the shares is equal to t ...
... There are two fundamentally different ways to look on the way consumers use their resources. The first is that different species partition the resource in a particular manner, so that some species get a particular part and other species another part. In this view, the sum of the shares is equal to t ...
On the structural stability of mutualistic systems
... but not the feasibility condition, whereas if we set b11 = b22 = 0.5, b12 = b21 = 1, and a1 = a2 = 1, we can satisfy the feasibility condition but not the stability one. To have a stable and feasible equilibrium point, we need to set, for instance, b11 = b22 = 1, b12 = b21 = 0.5, and a1 = a2 = 1 (a ...
... but not the feasibility condition, whereas if we set b11 = b22 = 0.5, b12 = b21 = 1, and a1 = a2 = 1, we can satisfy the feasibility condition but not the stability one. To have a stable and feasible equilibrium point, we need to set, for instance, b11 = b22 = 1, b12 = b21 = 0.5, and a1 = a2 = 1 (a ...
Synthesis: comparing effects of resource and consumer fluxes into
... consumer and resource fluxes affect recipient food webs. We tested the following hypotheses: (H1) The direct effects of resource fluxes (bottom-up) should be stronger than the direct effects of consumer fluxes (top-down), because resource fluxes are permanent (do not return to the food web in which ...
... consumer and resource fluxes affect recipient food webs. We tested the following hypotheses: (H1) The direct effects of resource fluxes (bottom-up) should be stronger than the direct effects of consumer fluxes (top-down), because resource fluxes are permanent (do not return to the food web in which ...
temperature, desiccation, and species performance trends
... attached to each elevation zone (thus producing 30 cages for each species). The cages ensured that interspecific interactions between the transplanted specimens and other intertidal organisms did not occur. The cages were affixed to the rocky substrate using marine epoxy (A-788 Splash Zone Compound) ...
... attached to each elevation zone (thus producing 30 cages for each species). The cages ensured that interspecific interactions between the transplanted specimens and other intertidal organisms did not occur. The cages were affixed to the rocky substrate using marine epoxy (A-788 Splash Zone Compound) ...
Patterns of among- and within-species variation in
... variance of HP load size and diversity) among and within species has not been reported for any community. Characterization of the pattern of variation at inter- and intraspecific levels as well as identifying the factors that contribute to variation at both levels are crucial for gaining a complete ...
... variance of HP load size and diversity) among and within species has not been reported for any community. Characterization of the pattern of variation at inter- and intraspecific levels as well as identifying the factors that contribute to variation at both levels are crucial for gaining a complete ...
PathCase-SB - BMC Systems Biology
... to a family of PathCase applications [13-15], where each application is designed for different purposes and use. PathCase-SB is not a model/pathways-data source. It does not provide systems biology model curation, which is already provided in an excellent manner by other data sources—namely, BioMode ...
... to a family of PathCase applications [13-15], where each application is designed for different purposes and use. PathCase-SB is not a model/pathways-data source. It does not provide systems biology model curation, which is already provided in an excellent manner by other data sources—namely, BioMode ...
Chaos: A view of complexity in the physical sciences
... world in a few simple laws and then describes the consequences of these laws by almost equally simple examples. However, many students and even some practitioners suspect that something is lost in the process. When physics concentrates on three laws, or five, or seven, when those laws are mostly app ...
... world in a few simple laws and then describes the consequences of these laws by almost equally simple examples. However, many students and even some practitioners suspect that something is lost in the process. When physics concentrates on three laws, or five, or seven, when those laws are mostly app ...
mitigating the impacts of human land
... thank my committee members, Marcy Litvak, for the inspiration and motivation; Blair Wolf, for sticking with me to the end; and Kevin Kirkman for seeing me to the finish. I express my deepest appreciation to the Government of Botswana and the Botswana Department of Wildlife and National Parks for the ...
... thank my committee members, Marcy Litvak, for the inspiration and motivation; Blair Wolf, for sticking with me to the end; and Kevin Kirkman for seeing me to the finish. I express my deepest appreciation to the Government of Botswana and the Botswana Department of Wildlife and National Parks for the ...
The role of interspecific interference competition
... evolution in a population caused by interference competition with one or more sympatric species and which results in shifts in traits that affect the rate, intensity or outcome of interspecific aggression. After clarifying the relationships between ACD and other evolutionary processes that may occur ...
... evolution in a population caused by interference competition with one or more sympatric species and which results in shifts in traits that affect the rate, intensity or outcome of interspecific aggression. After clarifying the relationships between ACD and other evolutionary processes that may occur ...
The Network Structure of Food Webs
... excluding intraspecific interactions, and thus is sometimes referred to as interactive connectance. However, if cycles do occur in food webs, C = L/[S(S − 1)/2] exaggerates connectance, since cycling links are counted in the numerator but are excluded from the denominator. This can be avoided by calc ...
... excluding intraspecific interactions, and thus is sometimes referred to as interactive connectance. However, if cycles do occur in food webs, C = L/[S(S − 1)/2] exaggerates connectance, since cycling links are counted in the numerator but are excluded from the denominator. This can be avoided by calc ...
Modeling Colony-Site Dynamics: A Case Study of Gull
... nest, the neighborhood level, their entire nesting colony, and even the metapopulationof colony sites in making subsequent colony choices. The selection process becomes an exercise in optimal stochastic control, and habitat assessment may include both current and past conditions and the covariancebe ...
... nest, the neighborhood level, their entire nesting colony, and even the metapopulationof colony sites in making subsequent colony choices. The selection process becomes an exercise in optimal stochastic control, and habitat assessment may include both current and past conditions and the covariancebe ...
Saving our Species - Australian Policy Online
... disproportionately more resources and habitat than others. Where these areas support productive breeding populations (i.e. well-above replacement of parents), they are known as source habitat – areas from which animals can then disperse and colonise other areas. Other parts of the landscape provide ...
... disproportionately more resources and habitat than others. Where these areas support productive breeding populations (i.e. well-above replacement of parents), they are known as source habitat – areas from which animals can then disperse and colonise other areas. Other parts of the landscape provide ...
assessment
... Citation: Nelson, K., Snell, H. & Wikelski, M. 2004. Amblyrhynchus cristatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T1086A3222951. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T1086A3222951.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproductio ...
... Citation: Nelson, K., Snell, H. & Wikelski, M. 2004. Amblyrhynchus cristatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T1086A3222951. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T1086A3222951.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproductio ...
plant element occurrence external field form data dictionary
... Owner Comments (special requests, permissions, circumstances): Ownership: This field is used for information about the owner such as their name, address, phone number, contacts other than owners, information about the owner (they have a big dog, they like us, etc.) used in conjunction with the refer ...
... Owner Comments (special requests, permissions, circumstances): Ownership: This field is used for information about the owner such as their name, address, phone number, contacts other than owners, information about the owner (they have a big dog, they like us, etc.) used in conjunction with the refer ...
Biodiversity effects on productivity and stability of marine macroalgal
... biomass over time (Cottingham et al. 2001, Steiner et al. 2005) and space (Loreau et al. 2003, Weigelt et al. 2008). Species richness could stabilize production through insurance effects; i.e. higher species richness leads to a diversity of functional responses and increased probability of community ...
... biomass over time (Cottingham et al. 2001, Steiner et al. 2005) and space (Loreau et al. 2003, Weigelt et al. 2008). Species richness could stabilize production through insurance effects; i.e. higher species richness leads to a diversity of functional responses and increased probability of community ...
Stachowicz Annual Reviews - Virginia Institute of Marine Science
... effect occurs when the presence of a particular species drives the relationship between richness and ecosystem function, as a result of two conditions: (a) a greater statistical probability of including a species with a particular trait (e.g., high productivity) in an assemblage as species richness ...
... effect occurs when the presence of a particular species drives the relationship between richness and ecosystem function, as a result of two conditions: (a) a greater statistical probability of including a species with a particular trait (e.g., high productivity) in an assemblage as species richness ...
The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic
... spatial scales, the environment filters out species lacking the physiological tolerances that permit persistence, given the climate or local environmental conditions. The environment can include both abiotic factors (temperature, soil moisture, light availability, pH) or biotic factors (symbionts, p ...
... spatial scales, the environment filters out species lacking the physiological tolerances that permit persistence, given the climate or local environmental conditions. The environment can include both abiotic factors (temperature, soil moisture, light availability, pH) or biotic factors (symbionts, p ...
Chrotopterous auritus - University of Wisconsin
... to the nape of the neck or top of the head. Prey is then carried to a perch where it is consumed from the head downward, with the bat often using its wing as a sort of platter to support the carcass (Medellin 1988). C. auritus inhabits tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, and cloud fore ...
... to the nape of the neck or top of the head. Prey is then carried to a perch where it is consumed from the head downward, with the bat often using its wing as a sort of platter to support the carcass (Medellin 1988). C. auritus inhabits tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, and cloud fore ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.