Peppered Moth Simulation
... The economic changes known as the industrial revolution began in the middle of the eighteenth century. Since then, tons of soot have been deposited on the country side around industrial areas. The soot discoloured and generally darkened the surfaces of trees and rocks. In 1848, a dark-coloured moth ...
... The economic changes known as the industrial revolution began in the middle of the eighteenth century. Since then, tons of soot have been deposited on the country side around industrial areas. The soot discoloured and generally darkened the surfaces of trees and rocks. In 1848, a dark-coloured moth ...
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 32/3-4, pp. 163-168
... Carcinus maenas produced as a result of predation by the cuttlefish Sepia. A notable difference between Carcinus and Euomphalopterus is the presumed ability of the latter to withdraw into its shell. With even modest withdrawal, successful predation would probably require a degree of peeling consider ...
... Carcinus maenas produced as a result of predation by the cuttlefish Sepia. A notable difference between Carcinus and Euomphalopterus is the presumed ability of the latter to withdraw into its shell. With even modest withdrawal, successful predation would probably require a degree of peeling consider ...
Environmental and spatial drivers of taxonomic, functional
... strong phylogenetic signals (i.e., tendency of closely related species to have more similar ecological traits than expected by chance; Revell, Harmon & Collar, 2008). Because the effects of environmental variation are mediated by species characteristics (e.g., physiological constraints, habitat requ ...
... strong phylogenetic signals (i.e., tendency of closely related species to have more similar ecological traits than expected by chance; Revell, Harmon & Collar, 2008). Because the effects of environmental variation are mediated by species characteristics (e.g., physiological constraints, habitat requ ...
Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and
... 1978). The bulk of the elements is naturally bound as insoluble compounds in rock and sediments, and a multitude of ions can be released from sediments by redox changes (Lieth and Markert, 1990). The input of anthropogenic toxic metals in distantly located mountain ecosystems is generally lower than ...
... 1978). The bulk of the elements is naturally bound as insoluble compounds in rock and sediments, and a multitude of ions can be released from sediments by redox changes (Lieth and Markert, 1990). The input of anthropogenic toxic metals in distantly located mountain ecosystems is generally lower than ...
Section 1 How Organisms Interact in Communities
... Common Use of Scarce Resources and Competition When two species use the same resource, they participate in a biological interaction called competition. Resources for which species compete include food, nesting sites, living space, light, mineral nutrients, and water. Competition occurs for resources ...
... Common Use of Scarce Resources and Competition When two species use the same resource, they participate in a biological interaction called competition. Resources for which species compete include food, nesting sites, living space, light, mineral nutrients, and water. Competition occurs for resources ...
Impact of changing ice cover on pelagic productivity and food web
... not likely to reverse (Vinnikov et al., 1999). The extent of arctic multiyear ice has diminished as much as 14% per decade the past 20 years (Johannesen and Miles, 1999). Marginal seas will presumably be most affected by climatic changes. Based on global circulation models, it was found that a doubl ...
... not likely to reverse (Vinnikov et al., 1999). The extent of arctic multiyear ice has diminished as much as 14% per decade the past 20 years (Johannesen and Miles, 1999). Marginal seas will presumably be most affected by climatic changes. Based on global circulation models, it was found that a doubl ...
Amphibians as Models for Studying Environmental Change
... global health, called into question widely accepted scientific paradigms, and raised awareness in the general public that our daily actions may have widespread repercussions. In addition, studies on amphibian declines have provided insight into the complexity in which multiple independent factors ma ...
... global health, called into question widely accepted scientific paradigms, and raised awareness in the general public that our daily actions may have widespread repercussions. In addition, studies on amphibian declines have provided insight into the complexity in which multiple independent factors ma ...
7th Annual EFJ Public Lecture - The Environmental Foundation of
... are those found only in particular places, such as on particular islands – like Jamaica. The Caribbean is one of 25 recognized global hotspots, and Jamaica is regarded as a ‘hotspot within a hotspot’. Indeed, the ‘Land of Wood and Water’ boasts an impressive list of endemic species – unique forms of ...
... are those found only in particular places, such as on particular islands – like Jamaica. The Caribbean is one of 25 recognized global hotspots, and Jamaica is regarded as a ‘hotspot within a hotspot’. Indeed, the ‘Land of Wood and Water’ boasts an impressive list of endemic species – unique forms of ...
Lack of relationship between below
... with 1 m separating plots and six individuals of one randomly selected species transplanted into each plot. Within each plot, seedlings were arranged in a 3 × 2 array, with each seedling separated by 1 m from the nearest other transplanted seedling. The original design of this experiment involved ea ...
... with 1 m separating plots and six individuals of one randomly selected species transplanted into each plot. Within each plot, seedlings were arranged in a 3 × 2 array, with each seedling separated by 1 m from the nearest other transplanted seedling. The original design of this experiment involved ea ...
Compare and contrast the major types of species - science-b
... minimize competition by using only a portion of the total array of resources—their niche, or ecological role in the community—that they are capable of using. The full niche of a species is called its fundamental niche. An individual that plays only part of its role because of competition or othe ...
... minimize competition by using only a portion of the total array of resources—their niche, or ecological role in the community—that they are capable of using. The full niche of a species is called its fundamental niche. An individual that plays only part of its role because of competition or othe ...
Johnson and Thieltges 2010
... (increase in ), transmission reduction (reduction in ), susceptible host regulation (reduction in H), infected host mortality (reduction in P), but with some modifications (Fig.2). For example, changes in the number of infective propagules (‘propagule production’, reduction in ) produced by infe ...
... (increase in ), transmission reduction (reduction in ), susceptible host regulation (reduction in H), infected host mortality (reduction in P), but with some modifications (Fig.2). For example, changes in the number of infective propagules (‘propagule production’, reduction in ) produced by infe ...
on the ecological roles of salamanders
... multispecies planning, biodiversity conservation, and management of wildlifehabitat relationships (Johnson & O’Neil 2001). In this paper, we review literature on key ecological functions of salamanders in terrestrial and aquatic environments of North America. We offer suggestions for future research ...
... multispecies planning, biodiversity conservation, and management of wildlifehabitat relationships (Johnson & O’Neil 2001). In this paper, we review literature on key ecological functions of salamanders in terrestrial and aquatic environments of North America. We offer suggestions for future research ...
Predation environment predicts divergent life-history
... models demonstrated that differences between populations in adult versus juvenile mortality rates, or differences in the distribution of age-specific mortality rates, could result in evolutionary divergence in age and size at maturity, reproductive effort, and number and size of offspring (Gadgil an ...
... models demonstrated that differences between populations in adult versus juvenile mortality rates, or differences in the distribution of age-specific mortality rates, could result in evolutionary divergence in age and size at maturity, reproductive effort, and number and size of offspring (Gadgil an ...
The emotion system promotes diversity and evolvability
... The form in which genes impact the emotion system is central to the model. Thus, while all hungry individuals regard conspecifics as negative in the evaluation of the quality of a potential resource (figure 1), some may pay little attention to conspecifics while others may strongly avoid them [24]. ...
... The form in which genes impact the emotion system is central to the model. Thus, while all hungry individuals regard conspecifics as negative in the evaluation of the quality of a potential resource (figure 1), some may pay little attention to conspecifics while others may strongly avoid them [24]. ...
THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF Undaria pinnatifida
... potentially affected include chitons, limpets, snails, and small molluscan grazers in cobbled areas (Creese 1988)”, Creese (1988) does not say these invertebrates are potentially affected, Houghton et al. (1997) suggest this. Houghton et al. (1997) also state, without reference, that paua settle in ...
... potentially affected include chitons, limpets, snails, and small molluscan grazers in cobbled areas (Creese 1988)”, Creese (1988) does not say these invertebrates are potentially affected, Houghton et al. (1997) suggest this. Houghton et al. (1997) also state, without reference, that paua settle in ...
Evolutionary and ecological constraints of fish spawning habitats
... but many others do not. Temperate and Subarctic fish species, for example, are sometimes characterized by long pelagic larval duration and extensive larval drift (Bradbury et al., 2008). Some fish populations, like coastal populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), have long pelagic larval duration ...
... but many others do not. Temperate and Subarctic fish species, for example, are sometimes characterized by long pelagic larval duration and extensive larval drift (Bradbury et al., 2008). Some fish populations, like coastal populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), have long pelagic larval duration ...
Elephants versus butterflies: the ecological role of large herbivores
... tapir (Tapirus indicus), also occurs (Nowak, 1999). Therefore, this review pertains to how LRFH affected their environment over evolutionary time, rather than during the most recent centuries of reduced range and diversity. Note also that the great majority of recent studies on large paleotropical h ...
... tapir (Tapirus indicus), also occurs (Nowak, 1999). Therefore, this review pertains to how LRFH affected their environment over evolutionary time, rather than during the most recent centuries of reduced range and diversity. Note also that the great majority of recent studies on large paleotropical h ...
potential mechanisms underlying the displacement of native red
... effects of bullfrogs and resource distribution on redlegged frog performance (Table 1). There was also a nonsignificant trend indicating that density had a small influence on tadpole performance (Table 1). In addition, there was a strong interaction between bullfrog presence and resource distributio ...
... effects of bullfrogs and resource distribution on redlegged frog performance (Table 1). There was also a nonsignificant trend indicating that density had a small influence on tadpole performance (Table 1). In addition, there was a strong interaction between bullfrog presence and resource distributio ...
Biogeography and community structure of North American
... females (i.e. winged reproductive castes) per year (58, 60, 61, 102, 105, 117). One shortcoming of these demographic data is the focus on species with large colonies, so that comparisons cannot be made to congeners with small colonies. However, species with small colonies may exhibit shorter longevi ...
... females (i.e. winged reproductive castes) per year (58, 60, 61, 102, 105, 117). One shortcoming of these demographic data is the focus on species with large colonies, so that comparisons cannot be made to congeners with small colonies. However, species with small colonies may exhibit shorter longevi ...
Restoring Native Forest Understory: The Influence of Ferns and
... Given these diverse challenges, aligning restoration approaches with successional processes is one approach to enhancing success [21,22]. For example, many studies show that tree plantations, whether native or non-native, can serve as ―nurse crops‖ for the establishment of native forest species, wit ...
... Given these diverse challenges, aligning restoration approaches with successional processes is one approach to enhancing success [21,22]. For example, many studies show that tree plantations, whether native or non-native, can serve as ―nurse crops‖ for the establishment of native forest species, wit ...
Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) - GB non
... P. camtschaticus was introduced from the Okhotsk Sea to the Barents Sea by Russian scientists during the 1960s. Larvae, juveniles and adult crabs were intentionally released in the east Barents Sea (Russia) with the aim of creating a valuable fishing resource. Since then, successful breeding populat ...
... P. camtschaticus was introduced from the Okhotsk Sea to the Barents Sea by Russian scientists during the 1960s. Larvae, juveniles and adult crabs were intentionally released in the east Barents Sea (Russia) with the aim of creating a valuable fishing resource. Since then, successful breeding populat ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.