21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
... I–IV contains several electron carriers. • In the last step of the chain, electrons combine with oxygen that we breathe and H+ ions from the surroundings to produce water. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... I–IV contains several electron carriers. • In the last step of the chain, electrons combine with oxygen that we breathe and H+ ions from the surroundings to produce water. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Protein synthesis File
... unzipping of DNA by helicase complementary mRNA synthesised using an RNA polymerase mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome spaces for two codons complementary base pairing between codon and anticodon of tRNA peptide bond inserted between amino acids peptide grows by one amino acid at ...
... unzipping of DNA by helicase complementary mRNA synthesised using an RNA polymerase mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome spaces for two codons complementary base pairing between codon and anticodon of tRNA peptide bond inserted between amino acids peptide grows by one amino acid at ...
21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
... contains several electron carriers. • In the last step of the chain, electrons combine with oxygen that we breathe and H+ ions from the surroundings to produce water. ...
... contains several electron carriers. • In the last step of the chain, electrons combine with oxygen that we breathe and H+ ions from the surroundings to produce water. ...
File
... energy to an endergonic process by phosphorylating other molecules. By doing this it becomes ADP again and is available to begin a new cycle. 7. The first group (glutamic acid, NH3 and ATP) has more free energy than the second group (glutamine, ADP, and Pi). This because group 2 is only formed when ...
... energy to an endergonic process by phosphorylating other molecules. By doing this it becomes ADP again and is available to begin a new cycle. 7. The first group (glutamic acid, NH3 and ATP) has more free energy than the second group (glutamine, ADP, and Pi). This because group 2 is only formed when ...
Study Guide
... 18. Every cell in your body contain mitochondria. Mitochondria then might be called the most successful organism on the planet since they: ...
... 18. Every cell in your body contain mitochondria. Mitochondria then might be called the most successful organism on the planet since they: ...
2012_Protein_Regionals_Exam
... caspases that ultimately lead to the death of the cell. (4 pts) During apoptosis, the chromatin condenses, and the nucleus and chromosomal DNA are fragmented. Also, the cell shrinks and becomes lobed (blebs), which are then packaged in vesicles that are digested by other cells. 4. One of the reasons ...
... caspases that ultimately lead to the death of the cell. (4 pts) During apoptosis, the chromatin condenses, and the nucleus and chromosomal DNA are fragmented. Also, the cell shrinks and becomes lobed (blebs), which are then packaged in vesicles that are digested by other cells. 4. One of the reasons ...
Biology Essential SOL Knowledge
... 30. Some protein are structural (hair, nails). Others function in transport (hemoglobin), movement (muscle fibers and cytoskeleton elements), defense (antibiotics), and regulation of cell functions (hormones and enzymes). 31. Proteins are polymers made by linking together amino acid monomers. 32. A ...
... 30. Some protein are structural (hair, nails). Others function in transport (hemoglobin), movement (muscle fibers and cytoskeleton elements), defense (antibiotics), and regulation of cell functions (hormones and enzymes). 31. Proteins are polymers made by linking together amino acid monomers. 32. A ...
Chapter 4 - Enzymes and Energy
... • ATP functions in what is called energy coupling, or the ATP cycle ...
... • ATP functions in what is called energy coupling, or the ATP cycle ...
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
... Excitotoxicity may contribute to oxidative stress and neuronal death occurring in many neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease. A model was set up where a microdialysis probe was implanted into the rat striatum and the locally applied glutamatergic non-NMDA agon ...
... Excitotoxicity may contribute to oxidative stress and neuronal death occurring in many neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease. A model was set up where a microdialysis probe was implanted into the rat striatum and the locally applied glutamatergic non-NMDA agon ...
see lecture notes
... CO2 binds to RuBP ------------> RuBPCO2 which then splits into 2 molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) 3-C* each (enzyme: RuBP carboxylase, or "rubisco") * = this is why the Calvin Cycle is sometimes called the "three carbon pathway") 6 turns of the cycle = one 6-C molecule of sugar (glucose) ov ...
... CO2 binds to RuBP ------------> RuBPCO2 which then splits into 2 molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) 3-C* each (enzyme: RuBP carboxylase, or "rubisco") * = this is why the Calvin Cycle is sometimes called the "three carbon pathway") 6 turns of the cycle = one 6-C molecule of sugar (glucose) ov ...
VJJ Class - 6 Mark Question File
... • eg amylase • proteases • eg pepsin • lipases General points about enzyme action: • breakdown of large / insoluble / named molecules into small soluble molecules • for absorption • catalysts • speeds up reactions • active sites that bind to substrate • idea of specificity – each enzyme can only bre ...
... • eg amylase • proteases • eg pepsin • lipases General points about enzyme action: • breakdown of large / insoluble / named molecules into small soluble molecules • for absorption • catalysts • speeds up reactions • active sites that bind to substrate • idea of specificity – each enzyme can only bre ...
central dogma
... 1. 5’-3’ DNA strand. 2. 3’-5’ DNA strand. 3. antisense DNA strand. 4. tRNA strand. 33. A particular gene has 600 DNA nucleotides;ignoring introns;stop and Start signals how many polypeptide coded for by this gene? ...
... 1. 5’-3’ DNA strand. 2. 3’-5’ DNA strand. 3. antisense DNA strand. 4. tRNA strand. 33. A particular gene has 600 DNA nucleotides;ignoring introns;stop and Start signals how many polypeptide coded for by this gene? ...
lecture1
... Enzymes that hydrolyse nucleic acids are called NUCLEASES. Some nucleases can hydrolyse linkages between 2 adjacent nucleotides at internal positions in the DNA or RNA strand and proceed stepwise from that end. Such nucleases are called ENDONUCLEASES. Another class of nucleases can hydrolyse only th ...
... Enzymes that hydrolyse nucleic acids are called NUCLEASES. Some nucleases can hydrolyse linkages between 2 adjacent nucleotides at internal positions in the DNA or RNA strand and proceed stepwise from that end. Such nucleases are called ENDONUCLEASES. Another class of nucleases can hydrolyse only th ...
Cellular Energetics
... • Both involve redox reactions (LEO says GER): – LEO: glucose to CO2 – GER: O2 to H2O • Electrons = energy! ...
... • Both involve redox reactions (LEO says GER): – LEO: glucose to CO2 – GER: O2 to H2O • Electrons = energy! ...
CHAPTER 5 – HOMEOSTASIS + TRANSPORT
... concentration of molecules to even out the space - - known as ...
... concentration of molecules to even out the space - - known as ...
File
... We have learned that most cells contain genetic material in their nuclei. This genetic material is normally in the form of chromatin (or chromosomes during the cell division). Normal human body cells contain ___ chromosomes. Obviously, chromosomes are important, but why? Why do all the cells of the ...
... We have learned that most cells contain genetic material in their nuclei. This genetic material is normally in the form of chromatin (or chromosomes during the cell division). Normal human body cells contain ___ chromosomes. Obviously, chromosomes are important, but why? Why do all the cells of the ...
Protein Structure
... Peptide: A short polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; they are classified by the number of amino acids in the chain. Dipeptide: A molecule containing two amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Tripeptide: A molecule containing three amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Polypeptide: A ...
... Peptide: A short polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; they are classified by the number of amino acids in the chain. Dipeptide: A molecule containing two amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Tripeptide: A molecule containing three amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Polypeptide: A ...
Homework 1
... A) these all have insulin orthologs B) these all similar rDNA C) these all have hair D) these all have matching DNA sequence E) these all have the best BLAST! search results 4) _____ Based on DNA sequences all life is grouped into which three domains? A) Archaea, Eukarya, Viruses B) Eukarya, Bacteri ...
... A) these all have insulin orthologs B) these all similar rDNA C) these all have hair D) these all have matching DNA sequence E) these all have the best BLAST! search results 4) _____ Based on DNA sequences all life is grouped into which three domains? A) Archaea, Eukarya, Viruses B) Eukarya, Bacteri ...
Glucose Support Formula
... cells of the pancreas.* • Alpha lipoic acid, a versatile nutrient that provides powerful antioxidant activity and sustains healthy glucose function.* • Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus, or eleuthero, adaptogens that promote healthy glucose balance.* • Maitake mushroom extract, playing ...
... cells of the pancreas.* • Alpha lipoic acid, a versatile nutrient that provides powerful antioxidant activity and sustains healthy glucose function.* • Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus, or eleuthero, adaptogens that promote healthy glucose balance.* • Maitake mushroom extract, playing ...
Biochemistry
_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg?width=300)
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.