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Sickle cell / mutations
Sickle cell / mutations

... in the nucleotide sequence, or base pair sequence, of DNA. Most mutations are either neutral (they have no effect) or harmful, but occasionally mutations can actually cause a helpful change. Some mutations change only a single base in the DNA sequence – these are called point mutations. Other mutati ...
Original Sequence of Restriction Sites
Original Sequence of Restriction Sites

... 1. Use restriction enzymes and ligase to “paste” the cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (35S) to the EPSP synthase gene and insert the construct in Ti plasmids. 2. Transform Agrobacterium with the recombinant plasmid. 3. Infect petunia cells and regenerate plants. Regenerate uninfected plants as cont ...
DNA Testing Applications for Mennonite Genealogists2
DNA Testing Applications for Mennonite Genealogists2

... • Values are given as differences to the Cambridge Reference Sequence, which was the first sequence completed for the human mitochondrial DNA molecule • 3 hypervariable regions: HVR1 (15841-16569; 729 bases), HVR 2 (00001-00437; 437 bases), HVR 3 (00438-00720; 283 bases); 1449 in total ...
Genetic (molecular) Markers and their uses
Genetic (molecular) Markers and their uses

... mainly due to changes in the number of repeat units of the core sequence, have been estimated to occur at the relatively high frequency of 10-3-10-2 and 10-5-10-2 per meiosis, respectively. In choosing the appropriate technique, the level of polymorphism generally detected by the marker needs to be ...
Mutations Worksheet
Mutations Worksheet

... There are several types of genetic point mutations (a change in only one letter of the genetic code): FRAMESHIFT, meaning the reading “frame” changes, changing the amino acid sequence. DELETION (a base is lost) INSERTION (an extra base is inserted) SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for another) ...
Biology Activity – Secret Message
Biology Activity – Secret Message

... Glutamic acid ...
Bio101 Development Guide.pages
Bio101 Development Guide.pages

... before S2 to ensure the total length of original DNA sequence, S3 and S2 is the multiples of 50. (The order is original DNA sequence, S3, S2. S2 and S3 are converted to DNA by ‘toDNA()’ function). Return the treated DNA sequence as S5. ...
history of genetics
history of genetics

... Page 285 ...
Problem Set 1 Questions
Problem Set 1 Questions

... reading frames each encoding an average of 500 amino acids. What proportion of the human genome is devoted to protein coding? 19. You have two different derivatives of fibroblast cultures: one grows as completely flat cells, and the other grows as round, ragged cells. When you mix flat cells with ex ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • Cell – The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism; DNA is located in cells. • Chromosomes – Structures that contain compacted DNA molecules; humans have 46 chromosomes and every species has it own unique number. • Double helix – The physical “twisted ladder” structure of DNA. • DNA ...
Mendelian Genetics - Home | Phoenix College
Mendelian Genetics - Home | Phoenix College

... In the cell nucleus, DNA is involved with two major processes: (1) DNA replicates itself, making more double stranded DNA (2) One strand of DNA is: A. transcribed to make RNA B. that RNA copy leaves the nucleus, and is then translated at the ribosome to make proteins ...
File
File

... monomers called? What are the parts of the monomer? How do they connect to make a polymer? What are they two types of polymers? The GATC code provides instructions for cell structure and function. ...
DNA technologies
DNA technologies

... 2. Annealing. Reaction is cooled to temperature below the Annealing temperature of the primer. Say 60°C. Primers now can base-pair with single-stranded DNA template. 3. Extension. Polymerase extends both primers and replicates DNA sequence (just a DNA polymerase reaction, need template, primer with ...
T - Crime Scene
T - Crime Scene

... techniques (a difference in repeat of just one, or 4 nucleotides, can be seen with current methods The number of repeats at the STR loci is discrete, meaning from current studies, there are a set amount of answers, facilitating interlaboratory comparisons. ...
File
File

... During fertilization, the alleles unite into a pair again ...
Document
Document

... Recombinant BACs are introduced into E.coli by electroportation ( a brief high-voltage current). Once in the cell, the rBAC replicates like an F factor. Example: pBAC108L Has a set of regulatory genes, OriS, and repE which control F-factor replication, and parA and parB which limit the number of cop ...
Lecture 35: Basics of DNA Cloning-I
Lecture 35: Basics of DNA Cloning-I

... recognize short nucleotide sequences of about 4-8 bp known as restriction site and are usually palindromic in nature (Fig. 2). Most of the restriction enzymes used in molecular biology research are six base cutters. Restriction enzymes such as EcoR1, cuts the double stranded DNA at its recognition s ...
lizcar~1
lizcar~1

... taken more then 6 yr ...
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C. elegan Mutant Genetic
C. elegan Mutant Genetic

... change that can shed light onto the function of the gene product. Much of human genetics was understood from diseases which were known to be caused by a single gene mutation. Mutations can also be studied in model organisms, which allows researchers a better opportunity to control their experiment. ...
Chromosomes come in pairs
Chromosomes come in pairs

... But there are 64 possible triplet combinations (“codons”) yet only 20 amino acids. Some combinations are synonymous. ...
Ch. 17 DNA to Protein (Transcription and Translation)
Ch. 17 DNA to Protein (Transcription and Translation)

... prokaryotes, the sequence signaling the end of transcription is called the terminator  The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called a transcription unit ...
2.6-7 and 3.1-3 DNA and intro to Genetics
2.6-7 and 3.1-3 DNA and intro to Genetics

... $500 Answer 4.4 Biotechnology A small amount of a suspect’s DNA is obtained from a crime scene. What techniques would be used to carry out DNA profiling? C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis ...
Final Exam Bio 101 Sp08
Final Exam Bio 101 Sp08

... 40 pts. Tear off this page, fold, and write the first three letters of your last name in the blanks provided on the back. A. 10 pts Using the abbreviations P for phosphate, S for sugar, and all four bases found in deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated by their one-letter designation), draw a double-str ...
Unit 7: Heredity and Biotechnology
Unit 7: Heredity and Biotechnology

... 6. The recombinant DNA inside the host cell reproduces new cells that contain copies of the inserted gene. These new copies of the gene are considered clones, so this process is called cloning. Q: What are some uses for cloning? _________________________________________________________________ _____ ...
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Nucleic acid double helix



In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The term entered popular culture with the publication in 1968 of The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, by James Watson.The DNA double helix polymer of nucleic acids, held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 base pairs per turn. This translates into about 20-21 nucleotides per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove. In B-DNA the major groove is wider than the minor groove. Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to B-DNA do so through the wider major groove.
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