Femtosecond powder diffraction with a laser-driven hard X
... X-ray diffraction is a standard method to determine the atomic structure of condensed matter. Diffracting hard X-rays with a photon energy of the order of 10 keV from crystalline materials allows for determining interatomic distances with an accuracy of a small fraction of a chemical bond length. Th ...
... X-ray diffraction is a standard method to determine the atomic structure of condensed matter. Diffracting hard X-rays with a photon energy of the order of 10 keV from crystalline materials allows for determining interatomic distances with an accuracy of a small fraction of a chemical bond length. Th ...
Part II
... occurs when the path difference is an integral number of wavelengths. • Note that line CE = d = distance between the 2 layers • So: DE d sin EF d sin DE EF 2d sin • Giving: n 2d sin This is called the Bragg Law ...
... occurs when the path difference is an integral number of wavelengths. • Note that line CE = d = distance between the 2 layers • So: DE d sin EF d sin DE EF 2d sin • Giving: n 2d sin This is called the Bragg Law ...
Synthesis, Structure and Bonding of SrCa2In2Ge: A New Zintl Phase
... atoms making the alkaline-earth tetrelides normal Zintl phases and the rare-earth tetrelides metallic phases. These observations result in a Zintl picture of their chemical bonding: [(M2+) + (2-bonded)Ge2-] in the alkaline-earth-metal analogs; [(R3+) + (2-bonded)Ge2- +1e-] in the rare-earth-metal co ...
... atoms making the alkaline-earth tetrelides normal Zintl phases and the rare-earth tetrelides metallic phases. These observations result in a Zintl picture of their chemical bonding: [(M2+) + (2-bonded)Ge2-] in the alkaline-earth-metal analogs; [(R3+) + (2-bonded)Ge2- +1e-] in the rare-earth-metal co ...
organic crystals: prediction of crystal structure from molecular structure
... organic crystals: prediction of crystal structure from molecular structure • generate compact structures (geometry) • compute lattice energies (physics of the interaction) • ranking generated structures in order of stability (a problem in polymorphism) ...
... organic crystals: prediction of crystal structure from molecular structure • generate compact structures (geometry) • compute lattice energies (physics of the interaction) • ranking generated structures in order of stability (a problem in polymorphism) ...
Substitutional Effects of 3d Transition Metals on
... perovskite-like corner-sharing MoO6 octahedral units in the ab plane separated by Mo2O10 bioctahedral units along the c direction. Detailed single-crystal X-ray di4raction studies on the Co-substituted phase, La5Mo3.31Co0.69O16ⴚ , indicated that the unit cell is triclinic (space group C-1) with Co ...
... perovskite-like corner-sharing MoO6 octahedral units in the ab plane separated by Mo2O10 bioctahedral units along the c direction. Detailed single-crystal X-ray di4raction studies on the Co-substituted phase, La5Mo3.31Co0.69O16ⴚ , indicated that the unit cell is triclinic (space group C-1) with Co ...
High-energy x-ray production with pyroelectric crystals
... It is apparent that an increase in the thickness of either the crystal or the gap will increase the potential of the crystaltarget system, and therefore should increase the energy of the electrons incident on the target. Since the relative permittivity of lithium tantalate and lithium niobate is muc ...
... It is apparent that an increase in the thickness of either the crystal or the gap will increase the potential of the crystaltarget system, and therefore should increase the energy of the electrons incident on the target. Since the relative permittivity of lithium tantalate and lithium niobate is muc ...
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Single Crystal X
... land mark discovery in this area.3 This paved the way for further research resulting in many different varieties of framework compounds involving almost all the elements of the periodic table. During the 1990s the clever combination of the coordination preference of the metal ions and the functional ...
... land mark discovery in this area.3 This paved the way for further research resulting in many different varieties of framework compounds involving almost all the elements of the periodic table. During the 1990s the clever combination of the coordination preference of the metal ions and the functional ...
Supplementary Figure 1. Experimental electron density
... loop 13-14. Native data sets for the ergosterol, cholesterol, 7- and 20hydroxycholesterol complexes were collected using Cu K radiation or at beamlines, BM22 and ID22, APS, Argonne National Laboratory. Native data for apo Osh4 was collected at beamline BM22, APS. The apo crystal belongs to space ...
... loop 13-14. Native data sets for the ergosterol, cholesterol, 7- and 20hydroxycholesterol complexes were collected using Cu K radiation or at beamlines, BM22 and ID22, APS, Argonne National Laboratory. Native data for apo Osh4 was collected at beamline BM22, APS. The apo crystal belongs to space ...
microanalysis of rare-earth elements using an electron beam
... et al., 2005; Imashuku et al., 2012), electron beam generator (Brownridge et al., 2001; 2005), Xray fluorescence measurement setup (Kawai et al., 2005), neutron generator (Tornow et al., 2008; Gillich et al., 2009), and mass spectrometer setup (Neidholdt et al., 2007). We also used the pyroelectric ...
... et al., 2005; Imashuku et al., 2012), electron beam generator (Brownridge et al., 2001; 2005), Xray fluorescence measurement setup (Kawai et al., 2005), neutron generator (Tornow et al., 2008; Gillich et al., 2009), and mass spectrometer setup (Neidholdt et al., 2007). We also used the pyroelectric ...
Section 4.8: The Structure and Properties of Solids
... in manufacturing, repair, or delivery might find themselves out of a job if a 3-D photocopier could replicate any three-dimensional object. People who work in design might find that they were no longer paid for their work, since a 3-D photocopier could reproduce it with little effort. In addition, m ...
... in manufacturing, repair, or delivery might find themselves out of a job if a 3-D photocopier could replicate any three-dimensional object. People who work in design might find that they were no longer paid for their work, since a 3-D photocopier could reproduce it with little effort. In addition, m ...
Guerra F., Leone M., Robotti N. The discovery of X
... the structure of a crystal. By using the monochromatic K and L lines and measuring the angles at which these lines appeared after being reflected by the crystal, they could use the Bragg law on the reverse, that is to determine d and thus the structure of the crystal. By this method, several structu ...
... the structure of a crystal. By using the monochromatic K and L lines and measuring the angles at which these lines appeared after being reflected by the crystal, they could use the Bragg law on the reverse, that is to determine d and thus the structure of the crystal. By this method, several structu ...
Metallic Crystal Structure
... All elements can exist as solids, liquids, or gases depending up on the conditions of temperature and pressure that in. Solid materials may be classified according to the regularity with which atoms or ions are arranged with respect to one another. A crystalline material is one in which the atoms ar ...
... All elements can exist as solids, liquids, or gases depending up on the conditions of temperature and pressure that in. Solid materials may be classified according to the regularity with which atoms or ions are arranged with respect to one another. A crystalline material is one in which the atoms ar ...
Investigations of vascularisation and blood flow at the
... to be separated, in the mature animal, from the cartilage by an impermeable end-plate. In re-examining this view it has become apparent that quantitative data on blood volume and flow in the subchondral region are extremely scarce. This is no doubt in part due to the difficulties in studying bone usin ...
... to be separated, in the mature animal, from the cartilage by an impermeable end-plate. In re-examining this view it has become apparent that quantitative data on blood volume and flow in the subchondral region are extremely scarce. This is no doubt in part due to the difficulties in studying bone usin ...
Crystal structure
... one of the three parallelepiped edges that extend from this corner, as illustrated in Figure 1.2. The unit cell geometry is completely defined in terms of six parameters: the three edge lengths a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles α, β, and γ. These are indicated in Figure 3.4, and are somet ...
... one of the three parallelepiped edges that extend from this corner, as illustrated in Figure 1.2. The unit cell geometry is completely defined in terms of six parameters: the three edge lengths a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles α, β, and γ. These are indicated in Figure 3.4, and are somet ...
Slide 1
... • Lattice: 3D array of regularly spaced points • Crystalline material: atoms situated in a repeating 3D periodic array over large atomic distances • Amorphous material: material with no such order • Hard sphere representation: atoms denoted by hard, touching spheres • Reduced sphere representation • ...
... • Lattice: 3D array of regularly spaced points • Crystalline material: atoms situated in a repeating 3D periodic array over large atomic distances • Amorphous material: material with no such order • Hard sphere representation: atoms denoted by hard, touching spheres • Reduced sphere representation • ...
GEOLOGY PPT
... The crystal system is a grouping of crystal structures that are categorized according to the axial system used to describe their atomic "lattice" structure. A crystal's lattice is a three dimensional network of atoms that are arranged in a symmetrical pattern. ...
... The crystal system is a grouping of crystal structures that are categorized according to the axial system used to describe their atomic "lattice" structure. A crystal's lattice is a three dimensional network of atoms that are arranged in a symmetrical pattern. ...
The discovery of X-rays diffraction: from crystals to DNA. A case
... the structure of a crystal. By using the monochromatic K and L lines and measuring the angles at which these lines appeared after being reflected by the crystal, they could use the Bragg law on the reverse, that is to determine d and thus the structure of the crystal. By this method, several structu ...
... the structure of a crystal. By using the monochromatic K and L lines and measuring the angles at which these lines appeared after being reflected by the crystal, they could use the Bragg law on the reverse, that is to determine d and thus the structure of the crystal. By this method, several structu ...
SPATIALLY RESOLVED SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION AND
... measurements on Mg-doped crystals the optical multichannel analyzer method was applied because of its obvious multiplex advantage. The magnesium-doped sampies we investigated were grown by Grabmaier et al. 9 from congruent melt with Mg-concentrations (in mehl between 0 and 9%. In some of the crystal ...
... measurements on Mg-doped crystals the optical multichannel analyzer method was applied because of its obvious multiplex advantage. The magnesium-doped sampies we investigated were grown by Grabmaier et al. 9 from congruent melt with Mg-concentrations (in mehl between 0 and 9%. In some of the crystal ...
Synthesis, crystal growth, structural, spectral, optical
... wide transparency window in the entire UV, Visible and NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and zwitter-ionic nature as a consequence of internal acidebase reactions [6]. The a-amino acids are the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins and are linked to one another by means of peptide b ...
... wide transparency window in the entire UV, Visible and NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and zwitter-ionic nature as a consequence of internal acidebase reactions [6]. The a-amino acids are the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins and are linked to one another by means of peptide b ...
Microscopy with Electron Diffraction Overview
... • These are recorded on an X-ray sensitive film (see Fig. next ...
... • These are recorded on an X-ray sensitive film (see Fig. next ...
Crystallization of Escherichia coli ribosomes
... coli ribosomes. We have obtained ordered threedimensional microcrystals. After washing and redissolving, the crystalline ribosomes sediment with a coefficient of 70 S in a sucrose gradient and are biologically active in the poly(U) in vitro system. Electron micrographs of thin sections of the crysta ...
... coli ribosomes. We have obtained ordered threedimensional microcrystals. After washing and redissolving, the crystalline ribosomes sediment with a coefficient of 70 S in a sucrose gradient and are biologically active in the poly(U) in vitro system. Electron micrographs of thin sections of the crysta ...
Understanding Thin Film Structure for the Rational Design of High
... precisely determine the molecular alignment in organic thin films consisting of rigid molecules. The team used both grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to elucidate the organic semiconductor film structure. The unit cell, cry ...
... precisely determine the molecular alignment in organic thin films consisting of rigid molecules. The team used both grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to elucidate the organic semiconductor film structure. The unit cell, cry ...
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their disorder and various other information.Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.In a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer. The goniometer is used to position the crystal at selected orientations. The crystal is bombarded with a finely focused monochromatic beam of X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup.X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and (if the sample is not crystallized) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution of its atoms.