Drug discovery by single crystal X-ray structure analysis
... is also important because optical isomers often have completely different effects on living organisms. Single crystal structure analysis is essentially the sole method for determining the absolute structure of a molecule. The principle of single crystal analysis is quite simple and common in both sm ...
... is also important because optical isomers often have completely different effects on living organisms. Single crystal structure analysis is essentially the sole method for determining the absolute structure of a molecule. The principle of single crystal analysis is quite simple and common in both sm ...
On The Determination of Enzyme Structure, Function, and
... Figure 1. Left: schematic drawing of the structure of the enzyme lignin peroxidase. The polypeptide chain of lignin peroxidase is folded into mainly alpha-helical secondary structures, and it also contains a heme molecule as a cofactor (thicker lines in the middle). Right: magnification of a small p ...
... Figure 1. Left: schematic drawing of the structure of the enzyme lignin peroxidase. The polypeptide chain of lignin peroxidase is folded into mainly alpha-helical secondary structures, and it also contains a heme molecule as a cofactor (thicker lines in the middle). Right: magnification of a small p ...
BIOCEV – Centre of Molecular Structure
... This type of experiment is supposed to be managed by the user itself after special training Time of measurement required: ………….. days Specify the temperature range of the experiment: If you plan to use other liquids than water / water-based buffers, please specify in “Other information” field !!! Ty ...
... This type of experiment is supposed to be managed by the user itself after special training Time of measurement required: ………….. days Specify the temperature range of the experiment: If you plan to use other liquids than water / water-based buffers, please specify in “Other information” field !!! Ty ...
Crystals and photons*
... certain depth, it follows that such coherence in phase must extend also into the interior. of the crystal. Passing on to the case of the scattering oflight within a crystal, it is evident that an optical vibration of the crystal lattice cannot be excited by the incident light if the phase of such vi ...
... certain depth, it follows that such coherence in phase must extend also into the interior. of the crystal. Passing on to the case of the scattering oflight within a crystal, it is evident that an optical vibration of the crystal lattice cannot be excited by the incident light if the phase of such vi ...
Chapter 3
... 1. Cooling magma – cooling slows particles which cause them to move closer together and form compounds. - molecules arrange themselves into repeating patterns - type and amt of minerals depend on the composition of the magma - many different minerals form - quicker magma cools, faster crystals form, ...
... 1. Cooling magma – cooling slows particles which cause them to move closer together and form compounds. - molecules arrange themselves into repeating patterns - type and amt of minerals depend on the composition of the magma - many different minerals form - quicker magma cools, faster crystals form, ...
Minerals and Formation
... mixture of freely moving crystals. As molten material cools crystalline solids form. ...
... mixture of freely moving crystals. As molten material cools crystalline solids form. ...
Introduction to SOLID STATE PHYSICS
... orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do not form defined patterns or lattice structures. Amorphous materials have order only within a few atomic or molecular dimensions. Amorphous materials do not have any long-range order, but they have varying degrees of short-range order. Examples to amorph ...
... orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do not form defined patterns or lattice structures. Amorphous materials have order only within a few atomic or molecular dimensions. Amorphous materials do not have any long-range order, but they have varying degrees of short-range order. Examples to amorph ...
Characterization of the phase transition in coper-gold alloys by X
... In the framework of thermodynamic the transition of one phase in another phase is called phase transition and can be described by the theorem of Ehrenfest. Well-known are phase transitions between liquid-solid phase or liquid-gas. In the given coper-gold alloy (relation 75 : 25 atom percent) is a so ...
... In the framework of thermodynamic the transition of one phase in another phase is called phase transition and can be described by the theorem of Ehrenfest. Well-known are phase transitions between liquid-solid phase or liquid-gas. In the given coper-gold alloy (relation 75 : 25 atom percent) is a so ...
Procedure - K Street Studio
... types and amounts of phases present in a specimen and many other things where the spacing of the obstacles, in this case the atoms, is on the scale of the wavelength of the x-rays, typically 1 to 3 nm. If a longer wavelength is used then one can use diffraction to investigate the structures where th ...
... types and amounts of phases present in a specimen and many other things where the spacing of the obstacles, in this case the atoms, is on the scale of the wavelength of the x-rays, typically 1 to 3 nm. If a longer wavelength is used then one can use diffraction to investigate the structures where th ...
Effect of hydrophilic-hydrophobic ratio in organic molecules on the
... formed due to manifestation of amphiphilic properties of molecules in crystals, and superlattices in the block-copolymer systems is drawn. It was established, that the similar separation of areas is observed in crystals of different organic compounds irrespective of their nature. Thus, the theory, d ...
... formed due to manifestation of amphiphilic properties of molecules in crystals, and superlattices in the block-copolymer systems is drawn. It was established, that the similar separation of areas is observed in crystals of different organic compounds irrespective of their nature. Thus, the theory, d ...
Experimental
... transitions of electrons as they are distributed throughout the molecule, either localized within specific bonds, or delocalized over structures, such as an aromatic ring. In order to observe such electronic transitions, it is necessary to apply energy in the form of visible and ultraviolet radiatio ...
... transitions of electrons as they are distributed throughout the molecule, either localized within specific bonds, or delocalized over structures, such as an aromatic ring. In order to observe such electronic transitions, it is necessary to apply energy in the form of visible and ultraviolet radiatio ...
X-ray Source
... A diffractometer is designed with a movable detector replaces the strip of film. The intensity of a diffracted beam is measured directly by the electronic x-ray detector, which converts incoming x-rays into surges or pulses of electric current for further computer processing. ...
... A diffractometer is designed with a movable detector replaces the strip of film. The intensity of a diffracted beam is measured directly by the electronic x-ray detector, which converts incoming x-rays into surges or pulses of electric current for further computer processing. ...
B
... Scientists know that proteins are long chains of amino acids that typically carry out their functions by first folding into specific three-dimensional shapes. What they are still trying to find out is exactly what these three-dimensional shapes look like. That’s where structural biology comes in. In ...
... Scientists know that proteins are long chains of amino acids that typically carry out their functions by first folding into specific three-dimensional shapes. What they are still trying to find out is exactly what these three-dimensional shapes look like. That’s where structural biology comes in. In ...
Experimentally solving protein structures and protein
... There are through-bond interactions and through-space interactions. The latter usually being a consequence of the so-called nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). Experiments of the nuclear-Overhauser variety may establish distances between atoms. These distances are subjected to a technique called Distan ...
... There are through-bond interactions and through-space interactions. The latter usually being a consequence of the so-called nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). Experiments of the nuclear-Overhauser variety may establish distances between atoms. These distances are subjected to a technique called Distan ...
Crystal Structures of LOV1 Domains in Arabidopsis - SPring-8
... 2 in their N-terminal halves that bind flavin mononucleotide (FMN) noncovalently as a chromophore (Fig. 1). LOV is a subfamily of the PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) superfamily involved in proteinprotein interactions in cellular signaling. The Cterminal half forms a serine / threonine kinase domain (Fig. 1) ind ...
... 2 in their N-terminal halves that bind flavin mononucleotide (FMN) noncovalently as a chromophore (Fig. 1). LOV is a subfamily of the PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) superfamily involved in proteinprotein interactions in cellular signaling. The Cterminal half forms a serine / threonine kinase domain (Fig. 1) ind ...
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 - Handbook of Mineralogy
... rocks and marbles; a gangue in hydrothermal veins; in carbonatites and ultramafic rocks. Association: Fluorite, barite, calcite, siderite, quartz, metal sulfides (hydrothermal); calcite, celestine, gypsum, quartz (sedimentary); talc, serpentine, magnesite, calcite, magnetite, diopside, tremolite, fo ...
... rocks and marbles; a gangue in hydrothermal veins; in carbonatites and ultramafic rocks. Association: Fluorite, barite, calcite, siderite, quartz, metal sulfides (hydrothermal); calcite, celestine, gypsum, quartz (sedimentary); talc, serpentine, magnesite, calcite, magnetite, diopside, tremolite, fo ...
STATE of MATTER
... A crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine ...
... A crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine ...
Class 26: Calculating Electronic contribution to specific heat
... To do the above, we will take a two step process. 1) We will examine the interaction of waves in general with the periodic structure of the ionic cores, which is the diffraction process. 2) We will then take into account the fact that the nearly free electrons in the material are also showing waveli ...
... To do the above, we will take a two step process. 1) We will examine the interaction of waves in general with the periodic structure of the ionic cores, which is the diffraction process. 2) We will then take into account the fact that the nearly free electrons in the material are also showing waveli ...
Shaping the color - University of Guelph
... when a colloidal crystal is illuminated with white light. So the self- assembled photonic crystals are a efficient means to achieve color, i.e., structural color through the interaction of light with a periodic dielectric microstructure rather than from a pigment. • With an almost infinite choice of ...
... when a colloidal crystal is illuminated with white light. So the self- assembled photonic crystals are a efficient means to achieve color, i.e., structural color through the interaction of light with a periodic dielectric microstructure rather than from a pigment. • With an almost infinite choice of ...
BCM 6200 - Protein crystallography - I Crystal symmetry X-ray
... to avoid overlaps. Data collection strategies should minimize systematic errors such as spot overlaps and maximize data completeness; high redundancy is also an advantage. • Modern oscillation cameras allow rotation of the crystal around one or more axes. The reflections appear in a seemingly disord ...
... to avoid overlaps. Data collection strategies should minimize systematic errors such as spot overlaps and maximize data completeness; high redundancy is also an advantage. • Modern oscillation cameras allow rotation of the crystal around one or more axes. The reflections appear in a seemingly disord ...
X-ray crystallography electron microscopy and electron diffraction
... The wealth of accurate structural data, mainly on proteins but also on DNA, RNA and carbohydrates is freely available on the Internet at http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/ ...
... The wealth of accurate structural data, mainly on proteins but also on DNA, RNA and carbohydrates is freely available on the Internet at http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/ ...
9223_fel - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
... a grating, the light is also focused). In the case of a chirped FEL pulse, where the wavelength decreases monotonically over the duration of the pulse, the focal spot will move outward along the zone plate axis. An observer looking at a screen placed perpendicular to the zone plate axis at the dista ...
... a grating, the light is also focused). In the case of a chirped FEL pulse, where the wavelength decreases monotonically over the duration of the pulse, the focal spot will move outward along the zone plate axis. An observer looking at a screen placed perpendicular to the zone plate axis at the dista ...
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their disorder and various other information.Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.In a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer. The goniometer is used to position the crystal at selected orientations. The crystal is bombarded with a finely focused monochromatic beam of X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup.X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and (if the sample is not crystallized) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution of its atoms.