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The Physical Vacuum: Where Particle Physics Meets Cosmology
The Physical Vacuum: Where Particle Physics Meets Cosmology

... “ According to the general theory relativity space without eather is unthinkable; in such space there would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time, nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense..” Albert Einstein “Ather und die ...
CYL_Practice_harmonic_oscillator_rigid_rotor
CYL_Practice_harmonic_oscillator_rigid_rotor

... 8.7(b) Calculate the percentage change in a given energy level of a particle in a cubic box when the length of the edge of the cube is decreased by 10 per cent in each direction. 8.8(a) What is the value of n of a particle in a one-dimensional box such that the separation between neighbouring levels ...
Elementary Particles in the theory of relativity
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... We can add an arbitrary constant to A without changing E or H, but we can also add functions. • A function of coordinates grad(f) can still be added to A without changing E or H. • A is not unique even for constant fields. ...
A Fresh View for Maxwell`s Equations and Electromagnetic Wave
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... periodicity of the motion and its importance will be discussed later. These constants which will make a substantial difference and their consequences will be evaluated in the present investigation. At the start, when x and n both are 0, the electromagnetic energy has a constant value given by A. It ...
WHAT IS A PHOTON? Spontaneous emission
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... Instead, one must use a new class of models that go under the heading of quantum field theory. The reasons for this necessity are relatively simple if one focuses on spontaneous emission in atoms. This is where an atom in an excited state will spontaneously decay to a lower energy state (and emit on ...
PHYSICS OF THE ZERO-POINT FIELD: IMPLICATIONS FOR
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... for example, the absorption and reemission of the ZPF radiation results in the generation of secondary shortrange fields (even at temperatures of absolute zero) that, because of their correlating effects, result in short-range attractive forces: the so-called van der Waals forces. Similarly, in a m ...
Slides1 - University of Guelph
Slides1 - University of Guelph

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The Quantum Vacuum - Integrity Research Institute
The Quantum Vacuum - Integrity Research Institute

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... Thermodynamics. Nevertheless, this argument is unable to against a more advanced objection based on fluctuations, even if we neglect the obvious problem that photon absorption is irreversible. The zero-point terms in Eqs. 4,5 represent noises and that means statistical fluctuations 12, 13 of their f ...
Quantum-electrodynamical approach to the Casimir force
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Proof that Casimir force does not originate from vacuum energy
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Understanding Nothing - University of Southampton
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Why spontaneous emission
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... Mass itself is not producing gravity, gravity is a result of lower energy density (in GR described as higher curvature of space) of local areas of quantum vacuum. In the universe there is a general law of homogeneous distribution of energy (second law of thermodynamics). Because if this law quantum ...
LAMB SHIFT & VACUUM POLARIZATION CORRECTIONS TO THE
LAMB SHIFT & VACUUM POLARIZATION CORRECTIONS TO THE

... tion, Dirac devised a relativistic wave equation that is linear in both ∂/∂t and ∇, although he succeeded in avoiding the negative probability density, negative-energy solutions still occurred. That means that an atomic electron can have both negative and positive energies. But according to the qua ...
Vacuum Energy and Effective Potentials
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... Consequently, the zero-point energy of the δϕ field remains constant, but the zero-point energy of Φ depends on the M 2 and hence on the hϕi, so let’s calculate this energy and its ...
What is the Regularized Casimir Vacuum Energy Density? Xinwei Kong
What is the Regularized Casimir Vacuum Energy Density? Xinwei Kong

... The structure of these two contributions to the vaccum energy density is exactly the same as for the full Maxwell field in (4). Only the first, position-independent part will contribute to the total Casimir energy for this configuration of two parallel plates. On the other hand, for a spherical shel ...
The Casimir Effect 1 Introduction
The Casimir Effect 1 Introduction

... So why didn’t we get exactly the Casimir force? The answer is that the VdW forces are not pairwise additive due to multiple scattering. Theoretically, it is possible to make the exact calculation using the VdW approach, however, the calculation is very complicated and one should try and find an alte ...
Spontaneous Teleportation of Biological Systems
Spontaneous Teleportation of Biological Systems

... where G=Gibbs energy, H is the enthalpy (where H=U +pV), T is the thermodynamic temperature and S is the entropy. And when under conditions of constant pressure and temperature, the direction of a reaction's progress is in the direction of the lower Gibbs energy. The minimum Gibbs energy corresponds ...
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Zero-point energy

Zero-point energy, also called quantum vacuum zero-point energy, is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may have; it is the energy of its ground state.All quantum mechanical systems undergo fluctuations even in their ground state and have an associated zero-point energy, a consequence of their wave-like nature. The uncertainty principle requires every physical system to have a zero-point energy greater than the minimum of its classical potential well. This results in motion even at absolute zero. For example, liquid helium does not freeze under atmospheric pressure at any temperature because of its zero-point energy.The concept of zero-point energy was developed by Max Planck in Germany in 1911 as a corrective term added to a zero-grounded formula developed in his original quantum theory in 1900. The term zero-point energy is a translation from the German Nullpunktsenergie.Vacuum energy is the zero-point energy of all the fields in space, which in the Standard Model includes the electromagnetic field, other gauge fields, fermionic fields, and the Higgs field. It is the energy of the vacuum, which in quantum field theory is defined not as empty space but as the ground state of the fields. In cosmology, the vacuum energy is one possible explanation for the cosmological constant. A related term is zero-point field, which is the lowest energy state of a particular field.Scientists are not in agreement about how much energy is contained in the vacuum and for what purpose if any it could be used. Quantum mechanics requires the energy to be large as Paul Dirac claimed it is, like a sea of energy. Other scientists specializing in General Relativity require the energy to be small enough for curvature of space to agree with observed astronomy. Heisenberg uncertainty principle allows the energy to be as large as needed to promote quantum actions for a brief moment of time, even if the average energy is small enough to satisfy relativity and flat space. To cope with disagreements, the vacuum energy is described as a virtual energy potential of positive and negative energy.While much is known about physical laws, little is known about how the laws are contained in nature, or how the gauge group finds expression in physical actions. Much theoretical work has been done on symmetry groups and topics related to the Standard Model with expectations that a Theory of Everything might be found using fundamental principles to describe the Zero Point Energy, as well as interactions of physical laws and the observed particles of physics. An example is given that Kaluza Klein theory found the Maxwell Equations by adding a fifth dimension to Albert Einstein's field equations. Additional work is continuing in 10 to 12 dimensions of Super Symmetry to describe the vacuum and actions that occur in it. Popular choices for the unifying group are the special unitary group in five dimensions SU(5) and the special orthogonal group in ten dimensions SO(10).
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