An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorrect behavior. Thus, standing at the corner (C1), your “automatic” response would be to look left (R1). However, other cues in the environment “remind” you that yo ...
... of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorrect behavior. Thus, standing at the corner (C1), your “automatic” response would be to look left (R1). However, other cues in the environment “remind” you that yo ...
Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the
... nucleus of the thalamus to the LA are thought to be crucial for auditory-cued conditioned fear responses (Fig. 1)11,13,14. An indirect thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway from the ventral and medial divisions of the MGN via auditory cortex to perirhinal cortex also conveys information to the amygdala1 ...
... nucleus of the thalamus to the LA are thought to be crucial for auditory-cued conditioned fear responses (Fig. 1)11,13,14. An indirect thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway from the ventral and medial divisions of the MGN via auditory cortex to perirhinal cortex also conveys information to the amygdala1 ...
Aalborg Universitet Brain plasticity Wang, Li
... e.g. learning activities, behaviours, or nerve lesions. The electrical activities produced by certain neurons in a cerebral structure are directly related to the membrane potentials in cortex which can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) (Garcia-Lar ...
... e.g. learning activities, behaviours, or nerve lesions. The electrical activities produced by certain neurons in a cerebral structure are directly related to the membrane potentials in cortex which can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) (Garcia-Lar ...
Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings
... might result if a more complex speech stimulus or musical stimulus (that might automatically activate higher order phonological or musical knowledge distinct from auditory imagery) was imaged. Participants were familiarized with the pitch before brain imaging began, and during brain imaging, partici ...
... might result if a more complex speech stimulus or musical stimulus (that might automatically activate higher order phonological or musical knowledge distinct from auditory imagery) was imaged. Participants were familiarized with the pitch before brain imaging began, and during brain imaging, partici ...
Cross modality matching of brightness and loudness
... are natural correlates of one another as they both represent the parameter of intensity for their respective sensory modalities. Past studies have demonstrated that typical individuals tend to match brighter lights with louder sounds and dimmer lights with softer sounds. The current study utilized a ...
... are natural correlates of one another as they both represent the parameter of intensity for their respective sensory modalities. Past studies have demonstrated that typical individuals tend to match brighter lights with louder sounds and dimmer lights with softer sounds. The current study utilized a ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... where ‘‘re’’ and ‘‘rp’’ are the average response of the neuron in grasp-toeat and grasp-to-place condition, respectively, during the epoch/ epochs in which statistical analysis revealed differential activation between the 2 conditions. In order to describe and compare the distribution of PIs in the ...
... where ‘‘re’’ and ‘‘rp’’ are the average response of the neuron in grasp-toeat and grasp-to-place condition, respectively, during the epoch/ epochs in which statistical analysis revealed differential activation between the 2 conditions. In order to describe and compare the distribution of PIs in the ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... orientation selectivity observed by Mills et al. [1992] and Brasil-Neto et al. [1992]. Horizontal fibers are isotropic, extending uniformly in all directions within a plane parallel to the cortical surface. The isotropism of the horizontal fibers should translate into a lack of a preferred orientation ...
... orientation selectivity observed by Mills et al. [1992] and Brasil-Neto et al. [1992]. Horizontal fibers are isotropic, extending uniformly in all directions within a plane parallel to the cortical surface. The isotropism of the horizontal fibers should translate into a lack of a preferred orientation ...
Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression
... a grey arrow), which further strengthens the individual’s belief in its depressive elements. This sequence triggers the onset and then maintenance of depressive symptoms. ...
... a grey arrow), which further strengthens the individual’s belief in its depressive elements. This sequence triggers the onset and then maintenance of depressive symptoms. ...
Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound
... becoming increasingly sensitive to the fact that rsfMRI cannot only be used as a suitable tool for measuring stable, trait-like characteristics, such as differences due to sexual dimorphism or health conditions. In fact, spontaneous, self-generated mental processes manifesting as moment-to-moment fl ...
... becoming increasingly sensitive to the fact that rsfMRI cannot only be used as a suitable tool for measuring stable, trait-like characteristics, such as differences due to sexual dimorphism or health conditions. In fact, spontaneous, self-generated mental processes manifesting as moment-to-moment fl ...
Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of
... mechanisms are better understood for some than for others. For instance, the user can decide whether to excite a region in one hemisphere and inhibit the same region in the other, or he can place one of the electrodes on an area with minimal or no interference (e.g. the vertex, forehead, cheek or ar ...
... mechanisms are better understood for some than for others. For instance, the user can decide whether to excite a region in one hemisphere and inhibit the same region in the other, or he can place one of the electrodes on an area with minimal or no interference (e.g. the vertex, forehead, cheek or ar ...
BioCapture™ : Acquiring EEG data Quick Notes
... These patterns have particular frequency ranges and are associated with different states of brain function (e.g., waking and various levels of sleep). These patterns represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. Delta waves are the slowest of the known EEG frequencies—no faster than 4 H ...
... These patterns have particular frequency ranges and are associated with different states of brain function (e.g., waking and various levels of sleep). These patterns represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. Delta waves are the slowest of the known EEG frequencies—no faster than 4 H ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
Combinatorial structures and processing in Neural Blackboard
... are not only associative neural structures. They also incorporate relations, as illustrated with the relations is pet and has paw in Figure 1. The assembly or web-like structure of a concept representation entails that concepts representations are ‘in situ’ [4]. That is, wherever a concept is activa ...
... are not only associative neural structures. They also incorporate relations, as illustrated with the relations is pet and has paw in Figure 1. The assembly or web-like structure of a concept representation entails that concepts representations are ‘in situ’ [4]. That is, wherever a concept is activa ...
Functional differences between dorsal and ventral hippocampus
... CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas. Moreover, the activity is higher in the dorsal region in basal condition. The parcellation of hippocampus into dorsal and ventral zones has been considered by other authors, which found morphological and functional differences that could explain the reported results (M ...
... CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas. Moreover, the activity is higher in the dorsal region in basal condition. The parcellation of hippocampus into dorsal and ventral zones has been considered by other authors, which found morphological and functional differences that could explain the reported results (M ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... represents a means to circumvent many of these limitations, by concurrently extracting information regarding the number, morphology, and relative protein content of synaptic structures. An important adaptation required for studies of human disease is coupling this approach to stereologic methods for ...
... represents a means to circumvent many of these limitations, by concurrently extracting information regarding the number, morphology, and relative protein content of synaptic structures. An important adaptation required for studies of human disease is coupling this approach to stereologic methods for ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... has led to the suggestion that the cortex operates via an interaction between feed-forward and feedback information [30–32]. In this scenario, feedback provides context or predictive information for modulating neural activity in a given area [33–35], and also provides a mechanism for the cortex to a ...
... has led to the suggestion that the cortex operates via an interaction between feed-forward and feedback information [30–32]. In this scenario, feedback provides context or predictive information for modulating neural activity in a given area [33–35], and also provides a mechanism for the cortex to a ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... 1983; Takahashi and Konishi, 1983). The pathway that processes timing information originates in nucleus magnocellularis (NM), the other cochlear nucleus, the neurons of which preserve the temporal characteristics of the sound in the ipsilateral ear (Sullivan and Konishi, 1984). In the owl, NM projec ...
... 1983; Takahashi and Konishi, 1983). The pathway that processes timing information originates in nucleus magnocellularis (NM), the other cochlear nucleus, the neurons of which preserve the temporal characteristics of the sound in the ipsilateral ear (Sullivan and Konishi, 1984). In the owl, NM projec ...
Three approaches to investigating functional compromise to the
... compromise in structural connectivity (i.e., white matter) after TAI in the acute and chronic stage of injury (Basser et al. 1994; Hüppi et al. 2001; Marquez de la Plata et al. 2011; Mayer et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2008). Furthermore, the degree of compromise to white matter detected by DTI correlate ...
... compromise in structural connectivity (i.e., white matter) after TAI in the acute and chronic stage of injury (Basser et al. 1994; Hüppi et al. 2001; Marquez de la Plata et al. 2011; Mayer et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2008). Furthermore, the degree of compromise to white matter detected by DTI correlate ...
video slide - Course Notes
... • The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex has a different arrangement in birds and mammals. • In mammals, the cerebral cortex has a convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition. • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge. ...
... • The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex has a different arrangement in birds and mammals. • In mammals, the cerebral cortex has a convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition. • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge. ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... contains: (1) a single type of efferent neuron, the Purkinje cells (PCs), which are inhibitory and project to the cerebellar nucleus (CN) and to the vestibular nucleus; and (2) five main classes of interneuron, three of which are inhibitory (stellate cells, basket cells, and Golgi cells) and two are ...
... contains: (1) a single type of efferent neuron, the Purkinje cells (PCs), which are inhibitory and project to the cerebellar nucleus (CN) and to the vestibular nucleus; and (2) five main classes of interneuron, three of which are inhibitory (stellate cells, basket cells, and Golgi cells) and two are ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... the notion of “competition” to describe behavioral interactions between widely separated visual inputs, typically in opposite visual hemifields that project to different occipital hemispheres (e.g., Bender 1952; Cohen et al. 1994; Duncan et al. 1997; Kastner and Ungerleider 2000; Kinsbourne 1993). F ...
... the notion of “competition” to describe behavioral interactions between widely separated visual inputs, typically in opposite visual hemifields that project to different occipital hemispheres (e.g., Bender 1952; Cohen et al. 1994; Duncan et al. 1997; Kastner and Ungerleider 2000; Kinsbourne 1993). F ...
Oculomotor System
... to the localization of lesions and diagnosis of CNS disease…. because the neural networks for different types of eye movements involve structures throughout the CNS, which, when lesioned, produce very predictable and specific clinical deficits. For example, if one observes oculomotor deficits in sac ...
... to the localization of lesions and diagnosis of CNS disease…. because the neural networks for different types of eye movements involve structures throughout the CNS, which, when lesioned, produce very predictable and specific clinical deficits. For example, if one observes oculomotor deficits in sac ...
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... ciliary muscle (thin solid lines) originates in the diencephalon and travels down the spinal cord to the lower cervical and upper thoracic segments, to synapse in the spinociliary centre of Budge in the intermediolateral tract of the cord. From there, second-order nerves leave the cord by the last c ...
... ciliary muscle (thin solid lines) originates in the diencephalon and travels down the spinal cord to the lower cervical and upper thoracic segments, to synapse in the spinociliary centre of Budge in the intermediolateral tract of the cord. From there, second-order nerves leave the cord by the last c ...